Infrastructure: Enabling Development

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INFRASTRUCTURE ENABLING DEVELOPMENT

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CHAPTER 7

Abstract ---

Odisha’s infrastructure development has accelerated significantly, supported by a sharp rise in capital outlay and a focused push across multiple sectors. The State has expanded its road network through upgraded highways, new expressways, and stronger rural connectivity, while the railway network has grown with new lines, full electrification, and station modernization. The introduction of six Vande Bharat trains has further enhanced high-speed connectivity across key regions including Puri, Rourkela, Berhampur, Jharsuguda, and Keonjhar.

The power sector has undergone a structural transformation, with Odisha becoming power-surplus, reducing AT&C losses to 16.5 per cent, and rapidly advancing renewable energy capacity. Air connectivity has strengthened with five operational airports and major investments under the ₹4,182-crore B-MAAN scheme, enabling direct links to 30 Indian cities and four international destinations. Odisha should prioritize last-mile connectivity and air-cargo facility to ensure that remote regions, small businesses, and emerging industries can fully benefit from the State’s fast-growing aviation and logistic sector. Digital connectivity has also improved, with rising telephone subscribers and tele-density in the State.

Urban economic expansion is being reshaped by the Bhubaneswar-Cuttack-Puri-Paradip Economic Region (BCPPER), envisioned as a major industrial-tourism corridor. With integrated investments in ring roads, multimodal transport, and new railway links, BCPPER is projected to contribute nearly 33 per cent of the State’s GSDP by 2047, significantly strengthening Odisha’s growth trajectory and positioning the region as an economic powerhouse.

7.1 INTRODUCTION

7.1.1 Infrastructure development serves as a critical enabler of economic growth and social development. The State has undertaken several measures to improve infrastructure across various sectors, with the objective of lowering logistics costs and supporting broader economic activity. The State increased capital outlay from ₹22.7 thousand crore in 2021-22 to ₹65.01 thousand crore in 2025-26 (BE), reflecting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 30 per cent. The capital outlay-to-GSDP ratio rose from 3.3 per cent to 6.6 per cent during the same period, signalling greater emphasis on infrastructure development.

Odisha leads major states in infrastructure investment in capital outlay-to-GSDP ratio with 6.6 per cent in 2025-26.

7.1.2 Odisha has expanded its road network through various programmes, improving connectivity across rural and urban areas. With the establishment of the Odisha State Highway Authority (OSHA) and a comprehensive Road Policy 2025, the state is working towards the vision of developing 75,000 kilometers of quality roads. Recently, the State has decided to upgrade all State Highways (SH) to four-lane standards and Major District Roads (MDR) and Other District Roads (ODR) to two-lane standards, which will enhance road quality and improve connectivity. In Bhubaneswar capital region, proposed 6-lane access-controlled highway from Rameswar to Tangi, and other proposed outer and inner ring roads shall reduce traffic congestion and bolster regional connectivity.

7.1.3 In the realm of energy, Odisha has emerged as a power-surplus state, showcasing steady growth in both the traditional and renewable energy sectors. The State’s installed power capacity has increased from 8018.3 MW in 2020-21 to 8906.3 MW in 2024-25. Thermal sources including IPP account for 57 per cent of total installed capacity. Odisha vision aims to increase the share of new and renewable to 70 per cent in installed capacity from existing 17 per cent.

7.1.4 Urban population growth and smart city initiatives are driving urban development in the State. The state is making significant investments in urban transport, housing, water supply, and sanitation to meet the needs of its expanding urban population. Notable projects, such as Capital Region Urban Transport (CRUT) system and Mukhya Mantri Bus Seva (MBS) are significantly improving transport services across both urban and rural areas, enhancing connectivity and accessibility. Additionally, the focus on digital infrastructure is transforming Odisha into a digital powerhouse, enhancing connectivity and enabling economic opportunities for both urban and rural populations.

7.1.5 Odisha is accelerating its infrastructure development to support sustained economic growth and enhance quality of life. The state also aims to reduce regional disparities through strategic investments. These efforts are expected to advance Odisha Vision 2047, positioning the state as a model of inclusive and sustainable development.

7.2 PHYSICAL CONNECTIVITY

A. Road infrastructure

7.2.1 Road sector continues to be critical for economic growth in Odisha, enabling efficient logistic operations, enhancing market access and promoting balanced regional development. In 2025, Odisha set up the Odisha State Highway Authority (OSHA) to develop the State Highways. State has brought Odisha State Road Policy 2025 which provides a framework for road infrastructure development including efficient land management, and criteria for interdepartmental transfer of roads. These initiatives aim to build capacity, improve project execution, and enhance road quality and safety. Expenditure on roads and bridges has more than doubled, rising from ₹8,671 crores in 2021-22 to ₹20,228 crores in 2025-26, with a CAGR of 24 per cent. Bridge construction has also accelerated significantly, with over 600 bridges completed in the past five years and 1,034 currently under construction.

7.2.2 In 2024-25, the total road length comprising National Highways (NH), State Highways (SH), expressways, Major District Roads (MDRs), Other District Roads (ODRs), and rural roads increased to 1.43 lakh km in 2024-25 from 1.35 lakh km in 2021-22, reflecting 1.9 per cent CAGR. The State has 32 National Highways spanning 5,884 km, while State Highways cover 4,094 km. Rural roads make up a vast network of 1.07 lakh km in 2024-25, accounting for 75 percent of the total road length. To enhance connectivity between growth centers, there is a need to upgrade roads and expand 4-lane and 6-lane highways. Odisha has decided to convert State Highways to 4-lane standards and MDR and ODR to 2-lane standards which would improve quality of roads across the State.

Odisha’s road length increased at 2.56 per cent CAGR since 2021-22, driven primarily by rural connectivity expansion.

7.2.3 State is developing expressways to connect different regions of the State through high-speed corridors and develop economic hubs around it. The State is developing a North- South Expressway of 638 km which will connect Jagdalpur to Rourkela through Western Odisha and KBK districts of the State. Further, the state has planned Atal Expressway which will connect Motu in Malkangiri district to Tiring in Mayurbhanj district and NAMO Express way to connect Paralakhemundi in the district of Gajapati to Ambabhona in the Bargarh district.

An aerial photograph showing a long, straight, multi-lane highway receding into the distance. The road is flanked by lush green vegetation and fields. A few vehicles, including a bus and some cars, are visible on the road. The perspective is from a high angle, looking down the length of the highway.

Table 7.1: Road length by categories in Odisha (length in km)

Road Type	2021-22	2024-25
National Highway	5753.0	5884.0
State Highway	4172.8	4094.0
Major District Road	2740.8	2632.0
Other District Road	18854.5	22875.9
District Roads (Major & Others)	21595.3	25498
Rural Roads	103,731	107562.5
Total (NH-SH-MD-ODR-Rural Road)	135252.2	143038.5

Source: Works Department, C.E, NH, C.E R&B, Government of Odisha

The Bhubaneswar-Cuttack-Paradip-Puri Economic Region (BCPPER) is emerging as a major industrial-tourism corridor in coastal Odisha. Government has planned several infrastructure projects to give boost to economic activities in this corridor. A network of ring roads comprising the Capital Region Ring Road, the Outer Ring Road and the Inner Ring Road is being developed to decongest the capital region, divert through-traffic, and improve connectivity among satellite growth centres, industrial areas and the Paradip Port. In parallel, new railway links such as the proposed Puri-Konark and Konark-Bhubaneswar lines are envisaged to strengthen seamless mobility across the coastal tourism circuit, while also integrating tourist flows with the capital city and the wider rail network. These multimodal investments are expected to enhance freight efficiency, improve urban mobility and catalyse industrial and tourism growth in the region.

7.2.4 The Odisha government has launched an ambitious Green Corridor initiative in 2025 to make all new road projects eco-friendly and sustainable. Under this plan, tree plantation is made mandatory along highways, district roads, and other routes. At least one per cent of the total project cost is set aside for planting trees and maintaining greenery. QR-coded signboards will be installed on National highways to ensure transparency allowing commuters to access project details easily.

Box 7.1: National Leadership in Road Safety and Transport Reforms

Odisha has emerged as a national leader in road safety and transport reforms, receiving national appreciation at the Transport Development Council Meeting in New Delhi. The State has introduced an integrated approach encompassing cashless accident care, digital governance, professional training, and technology-enabled enforcement. Odisha has pioneered cashless accident care under the PMRAHAT framework to ensure timely trauma treatment during the critical golden hour. This initiative reduces financial barriers and strengthens post-accident response systems across the

State. Institutional capacity building is supported through Institutes of Driving Training and Research focused on Heavy Motor Vehicle driver education. Each IDTR has been established at an approximate cost of ₹35 crore to promote systematic skill development. Certified drivers trained at IDTRs are designated as “SuVahaks” for professional recognition. Notably, no road accidents have been reported so far involving trained SuVahaks. More than 80,000 drivers have been trained under the IDTR programme. Over 4,000 trained drivers have secured employment, improving both road safety and livelihood opportunities. To strengthen enforcement, Odisha has invested ₹300 crore in the Intelligent Enforcement Management System. The system enables automated monitoring to reduce accidents and casualties. Key violations detected include over-speeding, wrong-way driving, triple riding, and riding without helmets. The enforcement system is currently operational along 688 km of road stretches. Work is in progress to extend coverage along an additional 1,007 km. Digitally enabled transport governance has improved transparency, compliance, and service efficiency. These reforms adopt a data-driven and outcome-oriented strategy to address road safety challenges.

B. Railway

7.2.5 Rail connectivity in Odisha has improved significantly in recent years. Railway projects worth over ₹90,000 crore are being implemented in the State to significantly strengthen rail infrastructure in the State. Six Vande Bharat trains are currently operating in Odisha, contributing to improved connectivity and facilitating passenger movement. The Berhampur - Tatanagar Vande Bharat Express train links Southern Odisha with Jharkhand’s industrial hub via Keonjhar, making travel faster and more convenient. The Rourkela-Howrah Vande Bharat Express connects the steel city to Kolkata in under six hours, and its recent upgrade to 16 coaches reflects the growing demand for this route. Meanwhile, the Raipur-Visakhapatnam Vande Bharat Express brings western Odisha into a high-speed corridor, opening new opportunities for trade and tourism across Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Andhra Pradesh. The Puri - Rourkela Vande Bharat Express provides six-day connectivity between coastal and northwestern part of Odisha. Similarly, Puri- Howrah Vande Bharat Express enhances networking between Odisha and West Bengal. Simultaneously Bhubaneswar- Visakhapatnam Vande Bharat Express strengthens inter-state linkage between Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.

Odisha’s rail network is being modernised through large-scale investments and the introduction of premium trains like Vande Bharat

7.2.6 Odisha added approximately 200 km to its rail network in 2024-25, taking the total rail length from 2,859 km in 2021-24 to 3,243 km in 2024-25. Track addition work progressed at a higher daily rate this year than in earlier periods. Railway electrification has covered almost 100 per cent of tracks, enabling faster and cleaner train services.

Figure 7.1: Railway route length in Odisha

Year	Route Length (in km)
2021-22	2859
2024-25	3243

Source: Odisha Rail Infrastructure Development Ltd. (ORIDL), Government of Odisha

7.2.7 The proposed 32 km Puri-Konark railway line is estimated to cost ₹492 crore with financial participants of the State government. This will connect the Shree Jagannath Temple in Puri with the Sun Temple at Konark and to boost tourism along Odisha’s coast. The Badampahar-Kendujhargarh line, stretching 82 km, and costing ₹2,106 crores will connect Mayurbhanj and Keonjhar districts, making it much easier to transport minerals from local mines. Additional new railway projects are detailed in Figure 7.2. Alongside eight critical projects, the Union Cabinet approved two additional multitracking projects involving the construction of third and fourth railway lines on the Sambalpur-Jarapada and Jharsuguda-Sason sections.

Figure 7.2: New railway projects sanctioned in 2024-25

Project Name	Length (km)
Sardegā-Bhālumudā	37
Budhamara-Chakulia	60
Gunupur-Therubali	73.6
Badampahad-Kendujhargarh	82
Bangiriposhi-Gorumahisani	85.6
Junagarh- Nabarangpur	116.2
Bargarh Road-Nuapara Road	138
Malkangiri-Pandurangapuram via Bhadrachalam	173.6

Source: Annual report, Commerce and Transport Department, Government of Odisha

7.2.8 Indian Railways is revamping Bhubaneswar Railway Station with an investment of ₹398 crore. This upgrade is part of its wider initiative to modernize 59 stations across Odisha, with a total outlay of ₹2,379 crore. The other major stations include ₹ 348 crore for Sambalpur, ₹ 303 crore for Cuttack, ₹197 crore for Balasore, and ₹ 177 crore for Puri. These upgrades will make stations more comfortable, modern, and efficient for passengers, thereby improving the overall travel experience across the state.

A State-wide station redevelopment drive is modernising 59 railway stations worth ₹ 2,379 crore investment, anchored by Bhubaneswar’s ₹398 crore upgradation.

7.2.9 Between 2021-22 and 2024-25, rail revenue from Odisha exhibited steady growth, driven primarily by passenger traffic recovery and sustained freight performance. Passenger numbers rose from 344 lakh to 935 lakh, reflecting a 39 per cent CAGR during this period. Revenue from passenger earnings grew 26.8 per cent CAGR during this period. increase in passenger earnings to ₹ 2,371 crore. Freight revenue, which remains the principal contributor to rail income, grew modestly by 5 per cent during the same period, reflecting Odisha’s critical role in outward cargo movement. In 2024-25, the Khurda Road Division achieved the highest traffic handling in the country, supported by record freight unloading of 581 lakh tons.

Figure 7.3: No. of passengers and the revenue collection for East Coast Railways

Category	2021-22	2024-25
No. of Passenger Travelled (lakh)	344	935
Revenue from Passenger Transport (Cr.)	1162.2	2371.1
Revenue from freight transfer (Cr.)	23012.3	26262.6

Source: East Coast Railways (Statistical Department)

Note: 1. The above data is for passenger & freight Traffic for East coast Railway

2. Above figures pertain to East coast Railway

C. Air Connectivity

7.2.10 Air connectivity in Odisha has improved significantly in recent years, driven by various policy measures and aviation schemes implemented at both the state and central levels. In 2025, the State has launched Building and Management of Aviation Assets and Network (B-MAAN) with significant outlay to make the State an aviation hub in eastern India. B-MAAN aims to improve entire aviation ecosystem in the State from airport infrastructure to connectivity and to manpower and skilling. Major component of the scheme is given in The State has provisioned ₹4,182 crores for this scheme for a period of 5 years (2025-30).

B-MAAN aims to improve aviation ecosystems in the State with a budget provision of Rs. 4182 crores over a period of five years

Figure 7.4: Key components of B-MAAN Scheme

1 Enhancement of Air Connectivity to Odisha

New Destinations Policy

VGA for establishing new domestic and international routes

Small Aircraft Scheme

Promotes short-haul connectivity using 9- and 19-seater aircraft to link underserved regions.

2 Infrastructure Development & Maintenance of Airports

New Airports & Heliports

• Shree Jagannath International Airport (SJIA), Puri
• Greenfield Airport at Paradeep, Jagatsinghpur
• Development of heliports across 15 districts of the State
• Upgradation of 12 State owned Airstrips

3 Capacity Building & Skilling in the Aviation Sector

Establishment of

• MRO Unit at BPIA, BBSR
• Aviation Security Training Institute (Bhubaneswar)
• Flying Training Organization(FTO)
• AERO Sports and Drone training and testing facilities
• Cadet Pilot Program (CPP)
• Biju Patnaik Aviation Centre (BPAC), Dhenkanal

¹Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Railways

Source: Commerce and Transport Department, government of Odisha

7.2.11 Number of functional airports in the State has increased to five- one international (Bhubaneswar) and four domestics (Jeypur, Rourkela, Jharsuguda and Kalahandi). Two (Bhubaneswar and Jharsuguda) are under operational control of Airport Authority of India (AAI) and while the remaining are under the control of State government. The Odisha government is establishing a greenfield international airport in Puri, which will boost tourism in the city and reduce the load on Bhubaneswar airport. In addition, the state proposes to develop 11 more airports, which is expected to enhance air connectivity across the state. Under UDAN scheme, the Dandbose airstrip in Mayurbhanj has received approval for development into a functional airport with an investment of ₹ 50 crore. Similarly, Jamadarapali in Sambalpur and Raisuan in Keonjhar are set to become Category 2B airports, with ₹ 39.08 crore and ₹ 103 crore sanctioned respectively.

Source: Commerce and Transport Department, Government of Odisha

7.2.12 The number of Indian cities connected through direct flights has increased to 30 in 2024-25. Number of domestic flights operating from the State has increased from 19.4 thousand flights in 2021-22 to 34.9 thousand flights in 2024-25. In 2024-25, the number of flights operating from the state increased by more than 1,200, indicating growth in air travel demand. Passenger traffic has also increased by impressive 31 per cent CAGR between 2021-22 and 2024-25. International connectivity was non-existent before, now four international destinations are connected by direct flights. The number of foreign flights has grown by 10 per cent in 2024-25 compared to previous year. Though passenger volumes are largely concentrated in Bhubaneswar airport; other airports have witnessed notable growth in passenger volume. Air-cargo operations at Biju Patnaik International Airport commenced on 31 January 2024, enabling direct exports of agricultural products such as fruits and vegetables. This development reconnected Odisha to major global hubs, including Dubai, Singapore, and Bangkok. In FY 2024-25, the airport managed 9,086 MT of cargo, reflecting a 7.9 per cent increase in overall air-freight volume compared to the previous year.

Year	Number of passengers (lakh)
2021-22	21.36
2024-25	48.39

Source: Commerce and Transport Department, Government of Odisha

Figure 7.7: Number of flights in 2021-22 and 2024-25.

Year	Number of flights (thousands)
2021-22	19.42
2024-25	35.74

Source: Commerce and Transport Department, Government of Odisha

7.2.13 New destinations policy which provides viability gap funding (VGF), has been successful in increasing air connectivity in the State. Under this policy, nine new air routes were made operational in 2025. These new routes from Bhubaneswar and Jharsuguda are making travel easier enabling passenger growth. Air Star Airlines now connects Jharsuguda directly to Hyderabad, Raipur, and Lucknow, giving Western Odisha better access to major cities. From Bhubaneswar, Air India has started flights to Kochi, Jaipur, and Lucknow, linking Odisha to key cultural and business hubs. IndiGo has expanded its network by operating flights from Bhubaneswar to Indore and to Dehradun, and commencing a new route from Jharsuguda to Mumbai.

7.2.14 Odisha has undertaken several measures to strengthen aviation ecosystem in the State. To build skilled manpower for the aviation sector, the state has also finalized the Request for Proposal (RFP) for establishing Flying Training Organizations (FTOs) at state-owned airstrips, creating new opportunities for aspiring pilots. Further, Odisha is establishing Aviation Security Training Institute (ASTI) to meet the growing demand for skilled security personnel in State’s expanding aviation sector.

7.2.15 The state is implementing the Small Aircraft Scheme (SAS) at its airstrips to improve connectivity to smaller towns and remote regions under the PPP framework. A Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) facility is being developed at Biju Patnaik International Airport in collaboration with Air Works India (Engg.) Pvt. Ltd., aimed at strengthening aircraft maintenance capacity, generating employment, and reducing operational costs. To support innovation and promote adventure activities, Odisha is establishing aero sports hubs and a Drone Training and Testing Center at Rangeilunda, Ganjam, leveraging emerging technologies.

D. Port

7.2.16 Odisha has undertaken several initiatives to strengthen maritime infrastructure to support trade and economic activity. In 2025, the State signed an agreement with Paradip Port Authority, Odisha Maritime Board, and Sagarmala Finance Corporation Ltd through Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) for the development of an all-weather Satellite Major Port at Bahuda Muhan in Chikiti tahasil of Ganjam district. With an estimated investment of ₹21,500 crore, the project is expected to augment maritime handling capacity and support port-led development. The State has planned the establishment of a National Mega Shipbuilding Cluster with an investment of ₹22,700 crore, aimed at providing integrated facilities for ship construction and repair in Kendrapara district.

7.2.17 The state currently hosts three operational ports – one major port (Paradip) and two non-major ports (Dhamra and Gopalpur) – which facilitate coastal trade and the movement of key commodities including minerals, steel, power-sector cargo, crude oil, petroleum products, and fertilisers. Paradip Port is one of India’s highest performing maritime assets, with around 18 per cent share in total cargo handled in the country. Cargo throughput at Paradip increased from 145.38 MMT in 2023-24 to 150.41 MMT in 2024-25, marking a growth of 3.5 per cent.

Share in total cargo handled in the country(2024-25)

Port	2024-25 (A) (MMT)	2023-24 (P) (MMT)	Share in total cargo handled in the country(2024-25)
Paradip	150.4	145.4	17.62
Deendayal	150.2	132.4	17.59
JNPA(Mumbai)	92.1	85.8	10.79
Visakhapatnam	82.6	81.8	9.68
Mumbai	68.6	67.3	8.04
SMP Kolkata	62.9	65.4	7.37
Chennai	55.0	51.6	6.44
Kamarajar Tamil Nadu	48.4	45.3	5.67
HDC (WB)	46.4	48.5	5.44
New Mangalore (Karnataka)	46.0	45.7	5.39
V.O.C. (Tamil Nadu)	41.7	41.4	4.89
Cochin (Kerala)	37.6	36.3	4.41
Mormugao (Goa)	20.6	16.4	2.11
KDS (Kolkata)	18.0	16.9	1.93

■ 2024-25 (A) ■ 2023-24 (P)

Source: Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, Government of India

7.2.18 Paradip Port is being developed as a key node for green hydrogen activities under the National Green Hydrogen Mission. A dedicated jetty is being planned for handling green hydrogen and green ammonia. The project has earmarked approximately 40 acres of land for intermediate storage and associated logistics infrastructure.

7.2.19 The two non-major ports, Dhamra and Gopalpur, together have a combined handling capacity of about 80 MMTPA and have expanded their operational capacities through private sector participation. The State has set a target to increase the overall handling capacity to 500 MMTPA by 2047. Dhamra Port recorded a 7.8 per cent increase in cargo throughput in 2024-25, while Gopalpur Port expanded coastal shipping operations and long-haul dry bulk movements. The growth of non-major ports has also supported non-tax revenue generation for the State, with Gopalpur Port and Dhamra Port contributing ₹22 crore and ₹146 crore, respectively, to the State exchequer in 2024-25.

Figure 7.9: Traffic handle capacity and revenue generation of minor port of Odisha

Port	Year	Traffic Handled (in MMT)	Revenue collected (Cr.)
Gopalpur port	2023-24	11.43	22.5
	2024-25	6
Dhamra port	2023-24	42.76	146
	2024-25	46.08

Source: Directorate of Port & Inland Water Transport, Government of Odisha

7.2.20 Looking forward, Odisha is positioning itself as an integrated maritime and logistics hub through the development of satellite ports, deep-draft corridors and multimodal connectivity. The state has identified new locations such as Subarnarekha, Astaranga, Bahuda and several riverine stretches for non-major port and satellite port development to complement existing capacity and support cluster-based industrialisation along the coast. The State with support from central government is connecting several ports to hinterlands and industrial clusters through railway and quality roads which will ease movement of traffic and increase efficiency.

E. Inland water Transport

7.2.21 The Government of Odisha has introduced the Odisha Inland Vessel Rules, 2025, formulated under the provisions of the Inland Vessels Act, 2021. These rules establish a regulatory framework to govern the operation, safety, and registration of inland vessels within the state. The initiative seeks to ensure safe navigation, improve compliance standards, and support efficient inland water transport.

7.2.22 For National Waterway-5 in Odisha, preparatory technical studies, including hydrographic surveys and engineering assessments, have been completed. The project is proposed to be taken forward through private sector participation under the Public-Private Partnership framework. The waterway will link Paradip and Dhamra ports with key industrial zones, including Kalinganagar and Talcher, through an inland water transport system. An MoU has been signed during Indian Maritime Week 2025, for the operationalization of the NW-5; with project cost of ₹12,000 crore will streamline coal and bulk cargo movement from Talcher to major ports. The project will ease road congestion and support regional economic growth. By shifting cargo from roads to waterways, the project is expected to reduce carbon emissions.

Box 7.2: Inland Waterway-5 and Industrial Logistics in Odisha

Odisha’s industrial competitiveness is closely linked to the spatial concentration of mineral resources and the availability of efficient transport networks. Key industrial districts such as Angul, Dhenkanal, and Jajpur, located near coal and iron ore belts, and are well connected by road and rail to ports and markets. Major industrial clusters across the State support sectors such as steel, power, aluminum, and downstream manufacturing.

In this context, National Waterway-5 (NW-5) is being assessed as an alternative logistics corridor to complement existing transport modes. The waterway passes through mineral- and industry-intensive regions and offers potential for movement of bulk cargo, particularly for commodities suited to low-cost transport. Inland water transport with established industrial clusters is expected to reduce logistics costs, ease congestion on road and rail networks, and improve overall freight efficiency. The development of a multimodal logistics framework anchored around NW-5 supports Odisha’s objective of strengthening industrial supply chains and enhancing long-term economic resilience.

Source: Commerce and Transport Department, Government of Odisha

7.2.23 To improve inland water transport and promote coastal tourism, the state has signed two major development agreements. The Commerce and Transport Department and the Indian Ports Association will construct a modern cruise terminal with an investment of ₹500 crore. The Paradip Port Authority and the Odisha Maritime Board will build an international cruise

terminal at Puri with an investment of ₹500 crore. These projects will ease water travel, attract tourists, and connect Odisha to the global cruise network. The initiatives mark a significant step in developing inland water transport and strengthening the state’s role in tourism and trade.

7.3 POWER SECTOR

7.3.1 Over the past decade, Odisha’s power sector has undergone a structural turnaround, with the State becoming power surplus. Installed capacity has expanded, distribution reforms have deepened, and electrification has accelerated across the State. In 2024-25, the State exported over 600 MW of surplus power to other States. AT&C losses declined from 29.5 per cent in 2020-21 to 16.5 per cent in 2024-25, among the lowest levels nationally. The State is adding renewable capacity and integrating it into the grid, while scaling generation, transmission, and last-mile networks. These efforts address rising demand and improve supply reliability across sectors. Initiatives such as floating solar and pumped-hydro storage reflect a shift toward cleaner and more flexible energy systems.

With AT&C losses from 29.5 per cent to 16.5 per cent in 2024-25, Odisha’s power sector reflects a marked improvement in efficiency and reliability

7.3.2 Since 2018-19, power availability has consistently exceeded demand, strengthening energy security in the State. Power availability increased from 2,900 MW in 2015-16 to 4,866 MW in 2024-25, recording a compound annual growth rate of 5.9 per cent. Power demand declined from 2,934 MW in 2015-16 to 2,802 MW in 2020-21 before recovering to 4,139 MW in 2024-25. This represents a compound annual growth rate of 3.9 per cent over the nine-year period. The widening gap between availability and demand since 2021-22 reflects Odisha’s improved capacity to meet peak loads and maintain system stability. reserve margins.

Figure 7.10: Power availability and demand in Odisha (in MW)

Odisha remains a power-surplus state, exporting over 600 MW to other states in 2024-25

Year	Power demand (MW)	Power availability (MW)
2015-16	2,934	2,900
2016-17	3,020	2,962
2017-18	3,062	2,998
2018-19	2,912	3,163
2019-20	2,810	3,215
2020-21	2,802	3,629
2021-22	3,088	3,827
2022-23	3,625	4,215
2023-24	3,869	4,625
2024-25	4,139	4,866

Source: GRIDCO, Government of Odisha

A. Installed Capacity & Power Generation

7.3.3 The State’s installed power capacity increased to 8,906.31 MW in 2024-25, compared to 8,844.77 MW in the previous year. The increase reflects steady capacity additions during the year. Installed capacity rose from 8,018.3 MW in 2020-21 to 8,906.3 MW in 2024-25. This expansion represents a compound annual growth rate of 2.7 per cent. This growth reflects sustained investment in power infrastructure across the State. The expanded capacity supports rising demand, facilitates industrial growth, and helps maintain adequate reserve margins for grid stability.

Figure 7.11: Energy Mix and Installed capacity, Odisha

Category	2020-21	2024-25
Installed Capacity (in MW)	8,018.3	8,906.3

Energy Source	Percentage
Thermal	43%
Hydro	27%
IPP	14%
Solar	12%
Wind	4%
SHEP	1%

Source: GRIDCO, Government of Odisha,

Note: The installed capacity refers to the contracted capacity.

7.3.4 Odisha’s electricity installed capacity is diversified and balances system reliability with a rising share of clean energy. As of 2024-25, thermal sources, including IPPs, account for 57 per cent of installed capacity. Renewable sources, including hydropower, contribute 43 per cent of the total installed capacity. This energy mix utilises the State’s coal, wind, solar, and river resources with sustained private sector participation. Solar power contributes 12 per cent, while wind power accounts for 4 per cent of total state’s share in installed capacity. Six major Independent Power Producers operate in the State with a combined installed capacity of 5,422.40 MW. The largest IPP, M/s Vedanta Ltd., operates a capacity of 2,400 MW. M/s Jindal India Thermal Power Ltd. operates 1,200 MW of installed capacity. The State has secured an allocation of 1,219.19 MW from these IPPs. This allocation represents about 22 per cent of the combined IPP capacity.

7.3.5 Power generation in the State remains thermal-dominant due to multiple structural factors. In 2024-25, thermal sources supplied 77 per cent of electricity generation. Hydropower contributed 15 per cent, while renewable sources accounted for 8 per cent of total generation. This generation pattern reflects resource availability, demand profiles, and the intermittent

nature of solar and wind resources. The thermal and hydro base ensures round-the-clock electricity supply and supports seasonal peak demand. The expanding renewable capacity is expected to gradually increase the share of green energy. These IPP arrangements strengthen installed capacity and improve power availability and system reliability across the State.

Table 2: Power Generation Mix by Major Sources

Generator source	2023-24 (MU)	2024-25 (MU)	Share in 2023-24	Share in 2024-25
Thermal (State thermal including IPPs and Central thermal)	29,457.15	31,940.44	75%	77%
Hydro (State Hydro and Central Hydro)	6,412.78	6,317.21	16%	15%
Renewables (Solar and Non solar)	3,439.78	3,382.73	9%	8%

Source: GRIDCO, Government of Odisha

7.3.6 Though the State is power surplus, Odisha’s per capita installed capacity is 165 watt-hours, nearly 50 per cent below the all-India average. This reflects historical underinvestment in generation capacity and low household electricity demand. Low demand indicates latent demand as incomes rise, appliance ownership increases, and urbanisation expands. With economic growth, rural electrification, and industrial expansion, electricity demand is expected to grow steadily over the medium term. To meet future demand and ensure energy security, the State has expanded its generation project pipeline. About 6,574.5 MW of new generation capacity is under development for commissioning by FY 2030. Thermal power accounts for 2,786 MW, or 42 per cent, to support baseload power requirements. Renewable energy accounts for 3,788.5 MW, or 50 per cent, led by wind capacity of 1,894 MW and solar capacity of 1,050 MW.

Figure 7.12: Per capita Installed capacity (Wh), Odisha, India and other states, (2023-24)

State/Region	Per capita Installed capacity (Wh)
Gujarat	642
Chhattisgarh	582
Rajasthan	475
Andhra Pradesh	465
Karnataka	419
Tamil Nadu	408
Telangana	396
India (National Average)	317
Maharashtra	316
Punjab	313
Madhya Pradesh	227
Haryana	225
Odisha	165

Source: Calculated using data from Central Electricity Authority & MoSPI, Government of India

7.3.7 By 2030, the State’s energy composition is expected to change, with renewable energy sources gaining greater importance. The share of wind power is set to increase from 4 per cent to 15 per cent by 2030. The share of solar energy is likely to rise moderately from 12 per cent to 14 per cent during the period. The share of hydropower is anticipated to decline from 27 per cent to 19 per cent of total installed capacity. The share of thermal power is expected to decline gradually from 56 per cent to 52 per cent, while remaining the dominant source. The combined share of renewable energy is estimated to increase from 44 per cent to 50 per cent of the energy mix. Wind energy is likely to emerge as the fastest-growing renewable energy source in the State.

7.3.8 Alongside this, renewable energy generation is expected to increase from the current 10 per cent to 20 per cent by 2029. Renewable energy generation is further expected to rise to 45 per cent by 2036 and reach 55 per cent of total generation by 2047. Odisha’s Vision document outlines green energy targets to transform the State’s energy landscape. The State plans to increase renewable energy capacity from the current 18 per cent to 70 per cent of total installed capacity by 2047. The State has undertaken several initiatives to promote renewable energy project development, as presented in Figure 7.13.

Odisha has approved India’s largest green hydrogen initiative totalling to 9.3 MMT annually. The flagship Gopalpur facility will produce 1.5 MMT by 2029 with ₹20,000+ crore investment. These projects will attract over ₹10,000 crore investments and create 5,000+ jobs. The initiative will reduce CO₂ emissions by 10 MMT annually.

Figure 7.13: Proposed RE development projects:

Floating Solar	Wind Power	Pumped Hydro Storage	Small Hydro Projects	Battery Energy Storage
Odisha has identified 33,000 MW floating solar potential across reservoirs. The state plans to develop 2,500 MW capacity including battery storage projects. An experience center is planned at Hirakud Reservoir.	Odisha allocated 500 MW wind capacity under OREP-2022 framework. Nine proposals totaling 490.20 MW have been approved by authorities. Six of 18 planned wind assessment masts are currently installed.	Odisha has identified 28,000 MW pumped storage potential across multiple sites. GRIDCO targets 1,200 MW development by 2030 to support renewable energy integration. Major projects include 1,000 MW Masinta, 600 MW Mukhiguda, 500 MW Balimela, and 600 MW Upper Kolab.	GRIDCO targets 260 MW small hydro capacity by 2030 across 185 identified sites. The state has issued RFP for 93.95 MW through competitive bidding. An additional 100 MW procurement is planned via competitive bidding process. Consultants will be empaneled for feasibility studies of remaining sites.	Odisha secured 500 MWh BESS capacity through Ministry of Power’s funding initiative. GRIDCO received full allocation within three months for 125 MW systems. The storage infrastructure will enhance grid stability and support renewable energy integration.

Source: GRIDCO, Government of Odisha

Box 7.3: Harnessing solar energy for inclusive growth

The solar capacity (comprising Solar PV and rooftop solar installations) increased consistently from 908 MW in 2020-21 to 1,074 MW in 2024-25, representing an impressive 18.3 per cent growth over the four-year period. This expansion has been supported by several comprehensive renewable energy development projects that the State has introduced across diverse solar energy applications.

PM KUSUM OREDA has promoted solar irrigation by installing 5,640 stand-alone solar pumps statewide, including 4,248 in FY 2024-25. Top districts such as Bolangir (1,549), Sundargarh (658), and Nawarangapur (637) showed significant adoption. These pumps now irrigate over 22,560 acres, reducing reliance on conventional power and supporting sustainable agriculture.	Health Facility Solarization OREDA is solarizing 27 District Headquarters Hospitals, 7 Medical Colleges, and 2 universities targeting 6.5 MW capacity under the RESCO model, promoting renewable energy adoption without upfront costs.	Rooftop Solar OREDA has installed 4,918 kW capacity through 485 plants by FY 2024-25 under CAPEX. Key beneficiaries include Panchayat Samitis (1,585 kW across 124 plants), ST & SC schools (955 kW across 98 plants), and OPTCL Grid Substations (729 kW across 20 plants).
Saura Jalanidhi Under this scheme, OREDA has installed 3,785 solar micro-pumps (0.5 HP) across 30 districts for small landholding farmers. Key installations include Balangir (361 pumps), Kalahandi (273), Sambalpur (229), and Nayagarh (224).	Bhubaneswar RE City Programme In 2024-25, progress included 4 MW rooftop solar installation in 43 government buildings, 25 solar trees powering streetlights, and 12 solar drinking water kiosks commissioned.	Monument Illumination OREDA installed 145 solar mini masts (40 watts each) and 30 solar trees at iconic sites like Konark Temple, Khandagiri, Udayagiri, Lalitgiri, Ratnagiri, and Barabati Fort, enhancing aesthetic appeal while promoting renewable energy use.

B. Transmission and distribution

7.3.9 OPTCL added 1,156 MVA addition in 2025-26 in substation capacity to strengthen the transmission network. Distribution transformer capacity increased by 3,877 MVA to improve last-mile connectivity. The grid was reinforced with 2,887 circuit kilometres of 33 kV lines for medium-voltage distribution. In addition, 25,038 circuit kilometres of 11 kV lines were constructed. The low-tension network expanded by 18,470 circuit kilometres.

7.3.10 OPTCL currently manages 201 substations and aims to achieve full automation of all by 2030. Automatic Demand Management System (ADMS) was implemented in 88 substations to prevent over-drawal from national grid. The transmission network was reinforced with HTLS conductors to reduce losses and enhance capacity.

7.3.11 OPTCL strengthened disaster resilience through wind zone-6 towers and underground cabling in cyclone-prone areas. Multiple substations including Umerkote, Ghens, Mania, Cuttack were successfully upgraded with significant MVA additions. The corporation implemented renewable energy banking regulations capping RE banking at 500 MW per block.

7.3.12 The State’s energy transformation strategy relies on five critical enablers towards Vision 2047: demand planning, transmission expansion, investment mobilization, green energy zones development, and inter-departmental coordination. Institutionalized demand planning through five-year cycles will meet 400k MU aggregate and 80-90 GW peak requirements. Strategic transmission expansion of ₹80-100k crore will enhance grid connectivity via competitive bidding. Corporate investment mobilization targets ₹1.8-2 lakh crore (70 per cent of total needs) through incentives and a State Green Energy Transition Fund. Specialized green energy zones and 10 per cent emission reduction through energy efficiency will drive sustainable growth. Inter-departmental coordination under the Chief Secretary and workforce skilling programs will ensure systematic implementation across sectors.

C. Power Consumption and Demand

7.3.13 Power consumption signals a strong post-pandemic rebound followed by healthy normalization. After a temporary 5.7 per cent contraction in 2020-21, consumption surged by 15.2 per cent in 2021-22 and 25.3 per cent in 2022-23, reflecting an industrial revival and a broad pickup in economic activity. Growth then moderated to 7.3 per cent in 2023-24 and 2.7 per cent in 2024-25 as base effects faded and the economy shifted from rebound to a steadier expansion path. Industry remains the largest consumer, accounting for 38.6 per cent of total usage, followed by households at 31.2 per cent and commercial and other services at 26.9 per cent. Agriculture has the smallest share at 3.2 per cent. This mix highlights the State’s industrial base alongside resilient household and services demand.

Figure 7.14: Power Consumption over the years from 2019-20 to 2024-25

Year	Power Consumption (in MU)
2019-20	19728
2020-21	18606
2021-22	21429
2022-23	26846
2023-24	28813
2024-25	29594

Source: GRIDCO, Government of Odisha

Figure 7.15: Per Capita Electricity consumption, Odisha and India (2023-24)

Category	Per Capita Electricity consumption (in kWh)
Total (All India)	1400
Odisha	2191

Source: All India Electricity Statistics 2025, CEA, Government of India

7.3.14 Per capita power consumption in Odisha at 2,191 kWh is higher than all India level (1400) in 2023-24. Between 2019-20 and 2023-24, per capita electricity consumption in the State has increased at a CAGR of 9 per cent against 4 per cent at all India level during the same period. The robust growth in electricity consumption has been driven by the industrial sector. In the domestic sector, the average share of households with ownership of durable assets (including electronic goods like refrigerators, washing machines and air conditioning) is only 14.6 per cent, which is less than half the all-India average of 31.8 per cent. The per capita consumption is expected to increase with increase in household income. The state is preparing for this anticipated demand growth by expanding its power generation capacity.

D. Electrification of Households

7.3.15 Odisha has been working on rural electrification initiatives to enhance access to electricity in remote and rural areas. According to State DISCOMs, by 2024-25, the State had 97.6 lakh electricity consumers, up from 95.1 lakh in the previous year. Rural consumers across all sectors constitute 80 percent of the total consumer base.

7.3.16 The State has achieved notable progress in household electrification during 2024-25, with more than 99.0 per cent of households being electrified in the state. The survey for identification of left out households is being carried out and approval of DEC is being conducted for the same. total electrified. This consistent growth across both total and rural segments demonstrates the State’s effective implementation of electrification programs and sustained commitment to ensuring universal energy access.

E. Promoting Electric Vehicle Adoption

7.3.17 Electric Vehicles (EVs) represent a cornerstone of Odisha’s strategy to modernize its transport sector, reduce carbon emissions, and stimulate green economic growth. Transitioning to EVs not only supports climate goals aligned with India’s Net Zero by 2070 commitment

but also fosters a new industrial ecosystem with job creation, technological innovation, and infrastructure expansion.

7.3.18 EV adoption in Odisha has increased steadily over the past few years, supported by a combination of targeted incentives, improving consumer awareness, and expansion of charging infrastructure. As of early 2025, over 2.19 lakh EVs have been registered in the state, spanning two-wheelers, three-wheelers, cars, commercial vehicles, and buses. To boost affordability and accelerate demand, the State Government has provided more than ₹340 crore in subsidies to EV buyers, driving a significant shift toward electric mobility in both personal and commercial vehicle segments.

Odisha’s EV push is accelerating a green mobility shift, with 2.19 lakh EVs on road and ₹340 crore in subsidies catalyzing adoption and industry growth

7.3.19 Notably, uptake has been particularly strong in the two-wheeler and three-wheeler categories vehicles that are critical for urban and peri-urban mobility, last-mile connectivity, and small business logistics. At the same time, the ongoing expansion of electric buses under city bus programmes and inter-city fleets underscores the growing role of EVs in public transportation. Currently, e-buses constitute 47 per cent of total bus fleet (720 buses) under CRUT. Odisha has set target to exceed 1,000 e-buses on road over the coming years, further strengthening the sustainability and capacity of its public transport system.

7.3.20 Building on progress under this framework, the State has now released a more ambitious Draft Electric Vehicle Policy, 2025, which targets 50 per cent EV adoption in new vehicle registrations by 2030. The draft policy proposes a comprehensive set of measures across demand creation, infrastructure development, skill development, R&D support, and institutional coordination to accelerate adoption.

Odisha Extends its electrical vehicle policy 2021 till 31^st March 2026:

• Reaffirming the State’s commitment to clean, green and sustainable mobility targeting 50 per cent EV/ alternate- fuel registrations by 2029
• Among India’s Best Incentives Paperless applications
  DBT-based disbursal, EV adoption in Odisha ~10% (above national average)
• Boost charging infrastructure, charging infrastructure Expansion

100 public charging stations planned, 17 operational, 31 under implementation (government offices, major highways and key corridors prioritized)

7.3.22 The policy also proposes increased incentives for EV buyers across categories, enhancements to battery-swapping support, viability gap funding for charging station developers, and support for fleet electrification in both public and private transport. The State Government has also proposed electrification of government vehicle fleets in a phased manner, reinforcing public sector leadership in clean mobility transitions.

7.4 URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND SMART CITY INITIATIVES

7.4.1 India is one among seven countries² where world’s city population will be concentrated by 2050. As of 2025, majority of people are living in small and medium sized cities (population less than 2.5 lakhs) than megacities across the world³. Cities in India occupy just 3 per cent of land and contribute around 60 per cent of GDP⁴. Odisha has nine cities with 1 lakh+ population as per 2011 census⁵. The State is witnessing a steady pace of urbanisation, driven by demographic shifts, economic growth, and rural-to-urban migration.

7.4.2 The state’s urban population, which accounted for 17 per cent in 2011, is projected to rise to about 20 per cent in 2026⁶. The State has set a target to double the urbanisation rate to 40 per cent by 2036. The State has proposed to develop new cities in Bhubaneswar region including setting up Bhubaneswar-Cuttack-Puri-Paradip Economic Region (BCPPER) which will have cluster-based industries along with plan for residential houses and commercial places.

7.4.3 The concentration of urban population growth is seen in Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Rourkela, Berhampur, and emerging medium towns like Puri, Bhadrak and Balasore. As per NITI Aayog’s report (2021), each percentage point increase in urban population of district is associated with 2.7 per cent of increase in district GDP⁷. The BCPPER is projected to contribute approximately 33 per cent to State GSDP by 2047. The urban region shall increase from current 20 per cent to 60 per cent of GSDP by 2047⁸. This will create employment opportunities, service demands, and infrastructure needs in the State.

The Bhubaneswar-Cuttack-Puri-Paradeep-Economic Region (BCPPER) is likely to contribute about 33 per cent of Odisha’s GSDP by 2047.

7.4.4 As of September 2025, the State is home to six municipal corporations with Puri being the new one. The addition of seven new municipalities namely Karanjia (Mayurbhanj), Boudh (Boudh), Bhanjanagar, Aska, Chhatrapur, Kabisuryanagar, and Polasara (all in Ganjam) takes number of municipalities to 54. 16 Notified Area Councils (NAC) have been added to the urban governance framework in 2025. In total, there are 143 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in the State. By 2029, the State aims for 80 per cent of cities with master plans, to ensure planned and sustainable development. As of 2025, twenty-two master plans are in final notification stage.

²Pakistan, Nigeria, DRC, Egypt, Bangladesh and Ethiopia

³World Urbanisation Prospects 2025

⁴United Nations 2018 Revision of World Urbanisation Prospects

⁵Census of India 2011

⁶Population projection report 2011-2036

⁷Reforms in Urban Planning Capacity in India, Niti Aayog, September 2021

⁸Odisha Vision Document

A. Urban Development Budget

7.4.5 India’s cities require an estimated capital investment of USD 840 bn in urban infrastructure and municipal services till 2036 (in 2020 prices)⁹. Half of this investment is required in some of the crucial sectors namely water supply, urban roads, sewerage, and solid waste management. Odisha shows consistent upward trajectory with 104.3 per cent increase Urban development budget over the last 5 years. The State is committed to urban development with 32.2 per cent increase in allocations from 2023-24 to 2024-25. Significant capital expenditure is being done in urban development, water supply and sanitation, and housing.

Odisha has recorded a 104.3 per cent increase in its urban development budget over the last five years, reflecting a strong and sustained urban policy.

Figure 7.16: Budget allocations in Urban development from 2020-21 to 2024-25

Year	Budget Allocation (in ₹ crore)
2020-21	3093
2021-22	2748
2022-23	4122
2023-24	4782
2024-25	6320

Source: Annual Budget Document, Government of Odisha, Demand for Grants (Demand 13) Government of Odisha

B. Urban transport

7.4.6 Urban transport operations focus on urban mobility and accessibility. Currently, 10 per cent of cities in the State are provided with public transportation. By 2029, The state aims for 25 per cent public transportation in the cities, a 15 per cent increase from the current. In Budget 2025-26, ₹ 300 crore is allocated to urban mobility for effective and efficient urban transportation in the State.

7.4.7 Capital Region Urban Transport (CRUT): CRUT is a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) that provides affordable and sustainable public transport services. As of 2025, CRUT is operational in 6 large cities namely Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Puri, Rourkela, Sambalpur, and Berhampur. Towards increasing the public transport facility, the state is expanding to Ten more cities namely Baripada, Keonjhar, Jharsuguda, Angul, Balasore, Jajpur, Rayagada, Jeypore, Bhadrak, and Balangir.

⁹Financing India’s urban infrastructure needs, world Bank

7.4.8 Odisha’s urban transport network varies considerably across cities in terms of scale, ridership, revenue, and adoption of sustainable mobility solutions. The introduction of electric buses across Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Berhampur, Sambalpur and Puri underscores Odisha’s commitment to reduce emissions and modernizing urban mobility. However, ridership and revenue are heavily concentrated in Bhubaneswar and Rourkela, with smaller cities achieving modest outputs despite operational fleets.

Figure: 7.17: CRUT: Urban Mobility in Odisha

Table 7.3: Urban Transportation in Odisha 2024-25

Source: Department of Housing and Urban Development Government of Odisha

City	Buses	Passengers (in Cr)	Revenue (in ₹ Cr)	Employees
Capital Region (Bhubaneswar + Cuttack + Puri)	425	8.15	93.18	1713
Rourkela	100	1.47	22.51	500
Sambalpur	25	0.36	4.94	123
Berhampur	20	0.2	2.25	98

Source: Housing and Urban Development Department, Government of Odisha

7.4.9 The State is progressing towards providing last mile connectivity. Currently 5 to 7 per cent of commuters in cities use public transport systems. The state aims to increase it to 25 per cent by 2029. Last mile connectivity is an important factor in enabling the integration and accessibility of public transport¹⁰. The State has started E-ride service, offering feeder services and first & last mile connectivity. The proposed 50 E-rickshaws on pilot basis start plying from fixed routes less than 3 kilometers from Ama bus stops and Bus Queue Shelters (BQS) [NN3.1] in the interior local roads. Average daily ridership is of nearly 1,112 commuters. The initiative empowers participation of women and Transgender group by supporting them in livelihood generation.

7.4.10 Odisha has launched ‘Odisha Yatri’ – as one stop application for ease of access public transport including autos, bike taxis. It leverages open-source BECKN and ONDC protocols to create an inclusive, interoperable, and citizen-centric platform. Its most innovative feature is the zero-commission model, ensuring that drivers retain 100 per cent of their earnings. This model not only enhances the financial security of service providers but also contributes to significant annual savings for the larger community, reinforcing Odisha’s commitment to equitable and sustainable digital ecosystems

Figure: 7.18: Key Features of Odisha Yatri

Source: Department of Housing and Urban Development Government of Odisha

¹⁰Leveraging innovation for last mile connectivity to mass transit, 2019

C. Urban Housing

7.4.11 Urbanisation and demographic shifts drive the demand for urban housing. In the next decade, 17 lakhs population is expected to be added to the Urban Population of the State. [NN4.1] Under various central and State government initiatives housing benefits are provided, especially to the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS). Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY-U) has been the most prominent one. Under the Housing for All-Program of Action (HFAPoA) framework, the housing shortage has been reduced to 3.53 lakh units, a 48 per cent reduction from the earlier estimation in 2011. While this has addressed a large portion of demand, the remaining gap underscores the need for sustained efforts to ensure inclusive housing access, particularly for vulnerable groups.

By 2025, about 11.94 lakh households have been provided housing through public schemes and private provisioning.

7.4.12 Further, Under PMAY-Urban through PPP model, the State has taken initiatives for affordable housing facilities to allocate the houses to the EWS and Low-Income Group (LIG) households. Therefore, the State has developed a new scheme, namely Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Urban beneficiary assistance for nurturing and development of Housing units (PMAY-Urban Bandhu) to address the challenge faced in the existing schemes. In 2025-26 BE, ₹100 cr has been allocated for this.

7.4.13 The housing under this scheme will be facilitated end-to-end through a robust online “House allotment system”, enhancing accuracy and streamlining the allotment process in accordance with the State’s interventions to ensure citizen satisfaction.

Box 7.4: SAHAJOG: Strengthening Last-Mile Delivery of Welfare Schemes in Urban Odisha

Ensuring that the benefits of welfare and social protection schemes reach the most vulnerable sections of the urban population is a persistent challenge across Indian cities. Many eligible households remain excluded due to lack of awareness, documentation gaps, institutional barriers, or fragmented delivery systems. In this context, the Government of Odisha has launched SAHAJOG, a focused urban inclusion initiative under the Housing and Urban Development Department (H&UDD) to bridge the gap between the urban poor and public entitlements.

Launched in May 2025, SAHAJOG is a flagship initiative initially implemented across 44 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) spanning 8 districts i.e. Khordha, Cuttack, Ganjam, Sundargarh, Sambalpur, Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj, and Bhadrak. On 31st August 2025, the initiative was scaled up to cover all 30 districts of Odisha, benefitting approximately 15 lakh residents. To ensure last mile outreach, ensure effective dissemination of information, and enable direct delivery of services to beneficiaries. Mobile service units have been deployed under sahajog. Each unit is supported by MSK/CSK personnel accompanying the vehicle who assist citizens with application submission and facilitate scheme linkage. These efforts are complimented by trained frontline facilitators who create awareness about eligible schemes, guide beneficiaries on required documentation and support them in accessing appropriate channels to obtain any missing documents.

Objective and Strategy

Under SAHAJOG, households are facilitated to access a comprehensive suite of government programmes including Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban), NFSA ration cards, piped water supply, Ayushman Bharat health cards, E-Shram and labour cards, PM Vishwakarma Yojana, Garima Scheme for sanitation workers, Madhubabu Pension Yojana, Sukanya Samridhi, PM Suraksha Bima Yojana, and other social protection, housing, health, and financial inclusion schemes. Linking eligible households to PMAY (U) serves as a strategic entry point for enabling access to multiple entitlements and essential documentation.

SAHAJOG

contributes to the broader urban development agenda by strengthening the social foundations of Viksit Odisha, improving welfare coverage, and enhancing inclusion. Beyond immediate social protection, the initiative is expected to generate long-term dividends through better labour productivity, financial resilience, and improved quality of life among the urban poor. As cities continue to expand and diversify economically, such initiatives are crucial to ensuring that growth remains equitable and inclusive.

D. Water Supply

7.4.14 The State envisions 100 per cent water supply in semi-urban areas by 2036. In 2025-26 BE, the State allotted 733 crores for SUJALA[NN5.1]/ Water supply in the state. As of December 2025, Ministry of Jal Shakti reports Odisha with 100 per cent Urban Households with tap connection. The government is dedicated towards providing clean, reliable and safe drinking water to all urban population, which amounts to 70 lakh residents.

7.4.15 In the fiscal year 2024-25, a total of 112 urban water supply projects were completed. These projects, spanning various towns, are part of the government’s ongoing commitment to provide uninterrupted and safe drinking water to entire urban population.

7.4.16 In commitment to provide continuous water supply, the State government approved ₹382.4 crore mega drinking water project for Sambalpur Municipal Corporation (SMC). The project aims to provide 24*7 safe drinking water to households across Sambalpur, Burla, and Hirakud towns under SMC.

7.4.17 The 24X7 Water Supply Program prioritizes safe drinking water, adhering to all prescribed quality standards, and establishing resilient infrastructure that is resource- efficient and sustainable for both urban and peri-urban areas. In fiscal year 2024-25, significant progress has been achieved. 114 Urban Local Bodies attained

universal water coverage, with 11 ULBs successfully operating “Drink from Tap” facilities. This is in line with vision of Sustainable Development Goal SDG-6 (Clean water and sanitation) and

114 Urban Local Bodies attained universal water coverage, with 11 ULBs successfully operating “Drink from Tap” facilities.

SDG-3 (Good health and well-being), by reduced waterborne diseases, water security and overall Public health improvement.

7.4.18 Eleven towns namely Puri, Nimapara, Berhampur, Gopalpur, Rajgangpur, Biramitrapur, Rairangpur, Champua, Hinjilicut, Sundergarh, and Anandapur have completed continuous 24x7 supply projects in 2024-25. Additionally, 13 ULBs are progressing with similar initiatives, while 308 out of 388 District Metered Areas across 24 ULBs have been commissioned during 2024-25.

7.4.19 To provide water supply to all ULBs of the State including Urban slums, 154 projects with an estimated cost of ₹511.48 Crore have been taken up under BASUDHA for 2024-25. The focus is on last-mile connectivity (reaching newly developed and rehabilitated areas) integrating with housing initiatives to ensure water supply to urban slums. Out of the 154 projects, 70 projects have been completed, and the remaining are in different stages of implementation. This presents the dedicated focus of the State to improvise the facility in supply of drinking water. The government is focusing on institutional strengthening and digital monitoring of urban water services, ensuring water quality surveillance and compliance.

E. Sewerage and Sanitation

7.4.20 Urban sanitation programme is aimed at ‘Garbage Free’ Odisha to enhance the liveability of the cities through end-to-end management of the waste, adoption of 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) approach. The State aims to ensure decentralization of Recycling and solid waste processing capacities through a diversified ‘waste to wealth’ approach. In FY 2025-26 BE, sanitation and Waste management have been prioritised with budgetary allocation of ₹311 crore under Swachha Odisha scheme (₹ 211 Cr under Storm Water Management and ₹ 100 Cr under Liquid Waste Management).

7.4.21 During the fiscal year 2024-25, the Housing & Urban Development Department, Government of Odisha, have made progress in implementing the SBM(U) 2.0 framework. A decentralized approach to Solid Waste Management (SWM) was adopted through the establishment of Wealth Centers, which house Micro Composting Centers (MCCs) and Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs). Currently at 97.5 per cent, the state aims to achieve 100 per cent of solid waste processing by 2029.

In Swachh Survekshan 2024-25 released by Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) Odisha secures 3 national honours for Bhubaneswar (9th among 3-10 lakh population), Aska (2nd), and Chikiti (3rd among 20k - 50k population) in cleanliness rankings.

7.4.22 In terms of waste management infrastructure, Odisha expanded its network by establishing three new Micro Composting Centres (MCCs) and two Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) in 2024-25, bringing the total to 262 MCCs and 222 MRFs across the state. The government also introduced 956 battery-operated vehicles and 957 light commercial vehicles to enhance waste collection operations in ULBs.

7.4.23 The State has put forward progressive steps towards tackling legacy waste, with 43.18 per cent of the identified 43.45 lakh metric tons undergoing bioremediation. To strengthen faecal waste management, 120 Faecal Sludge Treatment Plants (FSTPs) with a combined capacity of 2,087 kilolitres per day (KLD) have been established and made functional in 115 ULBs. Additionally, 115 ULBs achieved ODF certification, with Bhubaneswar earning the prestigious

Water Plus certification. Moreover, 16 ULBs attained GFC Star Ratings, further reinforcing the State’s commitment to cleanliness and sanitation.

7.4.24 Inclusivity remained a central tenet of the State’s efforts, with 6,035 women and transgender individuals from 2,866 Mission Shakti groups playing a vital role as community partners [NN6.1] in the sanitation value chain. Their participation reflects the government’s commitment to ensuring equitable and inclusive sanitation practices.

7.4.25 Following the successful completion of pilot projects in Jatni and Dhenkanal, the grey water management initiative has been expanded to cover 11 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), including the two pilot cities. In these 11 ULBs, 67.36 million liters per day (MLD) of grey water is generated, of which 6.28 MLD is being effectively managed through existing grey water management (GWM) structures. The state has deployed 213 Swachha Sathis and Swachha Supervisors as plant managers to conduct household surveys, ensuring comprehensive coverage of sanitation efforts.

7.4.26 The State has made significant progress in effective management of sewage and grey water generated in all ULBs of the State. There are 5 sewer cities generating sewage volume of 339 MLD against which state has built up treatment infrastructure capacity for the capacity of 373.5 MLD. Similarly in 100 non-sewer cities 580.04 MLD of used water being generated. out of which 6.41 MLD in 11 pilot cities being managed by ULBs through existing grey water management structures.

7.4.27 Besides 1 UWM cell has been created exclusively for inhouse preparation of DPRs, monitoring and supervision of UWM structures across all ULBs. In the Koel nagar of Rourkela, Used Water Management (UWM) infrastructure is being taken up through OWSB for treatment of used water generated in koel nagar and Jhirpani areas of the Rourkela city with STPs of 2 different capacities ( 8MLD and 1 MLD) respectively.

7.5 DIGITAL INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

7.5.1 Odisha has made significant progress in creating digital infrastructure to support the growth of digital economy. This includes establishing technological parks, internet connectivity, and skill development centres among others. Telecom infrastructure, a vital pillar supporting both urban and rural connectivity, has improved through installation of fibre optic networks and established network coverage. The government has taken several initiatives to improve digital infrastructure in the 2025-26 budget. Prioritizing safety and security, AI-enabled CCTV control room is being established as part of modernization initiative for better surveillance.

7.5.2 Government of Odisha and Global Finance & Technology Network (GFTN), headquartered at Singapore have partnered to develop an integrated global financial technology capability hub in Bhubaneswar. The State envisions to be Eastern Indian hub for global financial services and innovation.

7.5.3 Telephone subscribers’ growth serves as indicator of digital infrastructure development. As per Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), Odisha’s wireless and wireline subscriber

An allocation of ₹100 crore has been made in 2025-26 to develop an integrated digital health infrastructure under the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission.

base is consistently increasing from 33.55 million in 2022-23 to 35.65 million in 2024-25. State has recorded the highest growth rate of 4.24 per cent followed by Karnataka service area with 2.98 per cent in the country. Rural subscribers are 23.29 million, contributing to 65.34 per cent of telephone subscribers in the State.

Figure 7.19: : Telephone subscribers (wireless+wireline) in Odisha, 2022-23 to 2024-25 (In million)

Year	Subscribers (In million)
2022-23	33.55
2023-24	34.2
2024-25	35.65

Source: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India

7.5.4 As per TRAI, Total tele density of Odisha is 76.97 per cent in March 2024 and 80 per cent in March 2025. Odisha has higher tele density than the national average in both rural and urban areas. In rural regions, Odisha records 64.76 connections per 100 people compared to India’s 59.06, showing a lead of about 6 percentage points. In urban areas, Odisha stands at 143.79 against India’s 131.45, a difference of more than 12 percentage points. This means Odisha has stronger telecom penetration across the state, with better access in villages and cities alike. The data reflects steady progress in digital connectivity and infrastructure in Odisha.

Figure 7.20: Tele density in Odisha and India, March 2025 (per 100 population)

Area	India	Odisha
Rural	59.06	64.76
Urban	131.45	143.79

Source: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India

7.5.5 Internet connectivity: As of March 2025, Rural internet subscribers are significantly higher than Urban internet subscribers. There are 7.79 million Urban subscribers in March 2023 and 8.78 million urban subscribers in March 2025, a increase of approximately 1 million urban subscribers from 2023 to 2025. Also, the rural subscribers have increased from 14.79 million in 2023 to 17.10 million in 2025, a increase of 2.3 million internet subscribers.

7.5.6 Internet subscription per 100 people by the end of March 2025 in Odisha is 58.09 while national average is 68.63, a 10.54 percentage points higher than Odisha. Between March 2023 and March 2025, internet subscriber density has increased in both Odisha and India. Odisha rose from 50.97 to 58.09 subscribers per 100 people, showing a growth of about 7.1 percentage points. India moved from 63.53 to 68.63 subscribers per 100 people, a rise of 5.1 percentage points. The data reflects steady improvement in Odisha’s digital reach and signals that the state is catching up with national trends in internet connectivity.

Figure 7.21: Internet subscribers per 100 population, Odisha, India (March 2023 and March 2025)

Region	Mar-23	Mar-25
Odisha	50.97	58.09
India	63.53	68.63

Source: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India

7.5.7 The State is developing Bhubaneswar as a fintech city, and eight tech hubs are to come up in Tier II cities. The government has also planned to develop five world-class global capability centres (GCC) hubs, starting with the Bhubaneswar-Cuttack-Puri belt and the Rourkela-Jharsuguda-Sambalpur corridor to serve metal, mining, manufacturing and other key sectors.

7.6 RURAL DEVELOPMENT

7.6.1 Rural development remains central to Odisha’s growth strategy, given that around 83 per cent of people live in rural areas. Strengthening rural infrastructure has therefore been a key instrument for enhancing productivity, improving access to basic services, and bridging spatial and social disparities. Over the years, Odisha has made sustained investments in rural connectivity, housing, drinking water, sanitation, and livelihood-supporting infrastructure, contributing to improvements in both economic and social indicators. In 2025, Odisha launched ‘Bikashita Gaon Bikashita Odisha’, a state sector scheme, to improve infrastructure development in rural areas. The scheme focuses on improving road connectivity, civic amenities, educational amenities and micro tourism development. An amount of ₹2,000 crore has been allocated for this scheme for the year 2025-26.

Bikashita Gaon Bikashita Odisha scheme launched in 2025 for integrated rural infrastructure development covering roads, amenities and micro-tourism; ₹2,000 crore provided in 2025-26.

7.6.2 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) is a flagship rural development programme of the Government of India that provides a legal guarantee of

at least 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every rural household whose adult members are willing to undertake unskilled manual work. The scheme aims to enhance livelihood security and social protection, reduce distress migration and create durable community assets through demand-driven employment.

7.6.3 Under MNREGS, by October of the financial year 2025-26, an amount ₹2,465.31 crore has already been utilized. And out of the planned 1,200 lakh person-days, 722.35 lakh person-days of employment have been generated.

7.6.4 Rural Connectivity-All-weather Road connectivity has been a critical enabler of rural transformation in the State. Odisha has a total rural road network of 1.07 lakh km which is 75 per cent of total roads in the State. The length of rural roads has increased by around 8 per cent in 2024-25 over the previous year. Expansion of rural road networks has improved access to markets, schools, healthcare facilities, and administrative services. Further, the State has launched Mukhyamantri Bus Seva (MBS) to strengthen bus services in State particularly connectivity between Gram Panchayat and blocks. By offering free bus travel on OSRTC buses for all school students, the state is addressing two critical issues which are high dropout rates and financial constraints faced by rural student in the state.

7.6.5 Panchayati Raj Project Management System (PPMS): The Panchayati Raj Project Management System (PPMS) is a web-based workflow application developed by the PR & DW Department, launched on 04th November 2024 to strengthen e-Governance in Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) across the State. It enables hassle-free approval and implementation of projects under various development schemes executed by the Department. PPMS improves monitoring capabilities and supports effective project management and execution. It enhances transparency, accountability, and accessibility through the use of technology. The system also provides better visibility of fund flow across different schemes.

Figure 7.22: Panchayati Raj Project Management System (PPMS)

• 01 Transparency**
  • Promotes better transparency and disclosure of information.
  • Maintenance of online case records.
  • Facilitate online audit of project Case records
  • Use of Mobile app for Geo-Tagging of assets.
  • Online Payment disbursement.
• 02 Transformation**
  • Transition to paperless records.
  • Streamlining the project workflow.
  • Creation of Database for better project management.
• 03 Accountability**
  • Creating a platform for online tracking of the status of case records.
  • Real time monitoring the location-based physical and financial progress.
• 04 Project Implementation**
  • Opening of e-Case records.
  • Preparation of error free standardise estimates across the State.
  • Timely technical sanction and administrative approval of the project.
  • Submission of bill
• 05 Monitoring**
  • Monitoring the closure of case records within the timeline.
  • Payment Disbursement.
  • Generation of reports for gap analysis.
  • Submission of utilization certificates.
• 06 Progress so far**
  • 314 Blocks on-boarded in PPMS.
  • 66 different types of estimates are being prepared with this module.
  • Non-started projects of Previous years (2020-21 to 2025-26) and Current year new projects under 17 State Schemes have been on boarded

Source: Panchayat Raj & Drinking Water Department, Government of Odisha

7.7 DISASTER MANAGEMENT

7.7.1 Odisha has emerged as a model state in disaster management in India. The State’s disaster management framework demonstrates how proactive planning, community engagement and technological innovation can build resilience and minimize economic and property losses due to natural and man-made disasters. Following the establishment of the Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA) in December 1999, the State has developed world class facilities and systems that prioritize saving lives and protecting livelihoods.

7.7.2 Odisha follows a “Zero Casualty” mission that prioritizes saving every life through systematic preparedness and efficient evacuation procedures. The State has 20 Odisha Disaster Rapid Action Force (ODRAF) units. There are about 50 highly trained, well-equipped ODRAF personnel per unit, capable of responding effectively to various types of disasters across the State. In 2025, the State govt approved the establishment of 10 new ODRAF units, presenting State’s focus towards building resilient Odisha.

7.7.3 The State has established 936 multipurpose cyclones and flood shelters across 25 districts. Odisha operates an effective Early Warning Dissemination System with 122 alert siren towers in coastal areas covering 1,205 villages. The system uses advanced weather technology including Doppler radars and automatic weather stations. Beyond these foundational elements, the State has implemented numerous other technological innovations, community engagement, specialized training and multi-hazard risk initiatives that collectively form a comprehensive disaster management framework.

In 2025, The State has approved ₹ 219 crore for a new Disaster Management Complex (Biparjaya Parichalana Bhawan) in Bhubaneswar that will consolidate SRC Office, State EOC, OSDMA etc for enhanced coordination.

A. Technology Infrastructure and Digital innovation

7.7.4 Technology plays a vital role in modern disaster management by enabling accurate forecasting, real-time monitoring, and timely dissemination of early warnings. Odisha has effectively leveraged technological solutions to strengthen its disaster preparedness and response capabilities. The State operates 2 advanced Doppler Weather Radars at Paradip and Gopalpur, with two additional installations under development. These Doppler radars have transformed weather forecasting from a largely observational science to a more predictive and precise discipline.

7.7.5 The State has developed comprehensive digital platforms to ensure timely hazard communication and facilitate informed decision-making during emergencies. SATARK Portal provides early warnings and alerts for multiple hazards including cyclones, floods, heat waves, earthquakes, lightning, and snake bites, helping the government make quick decisions to achieve zero casualties.

7.7.6 Agricultural Risk mitigation and weather monitoring: To address agriculture related weather risks and improve crop protection measures, Odisha has expanded its digital weather monitoring network at the grassroots level. In December 2024, the State government declared unseasonal rains as natural disaster, recognizing their significant impact on agricultural production and farmer livelihoods.

7.7.7 Subsequently, in 2025, the State signed an MoU to implement the Weather Information Network Data System (WINDS), which aims to strengthen weather data infrastructure and support crop insurance programs. The system will install 434 Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) at block level and 6,624 Automatic Rain Gauges (ARG) at Gram Panchayat level to provide accurate weather monitoring across the State for the next 5 years. This initiative will improve weather data collection for agriculture, insurance, and disaster management sectors, with implementation handled jointly by the Agriculture and Revenue departments using existing crop insurance program funding.

B. Community Engagement

7.7.8 Community engagement forms the backbone of effective disaster management, as local participation ensures faster response, better preparedness, and sustained resilience at the grassroots level. Odisha has a comprehensive community engagement involving all sections of society in disaster preparedness. The State has integrated disaster management education into school curriculum with regular mock drills. Over 1 lakh volunteers at grassroots level are trained to manage disaster risk and rescue operations, including gram panchayats and women’s self-help groups. Additionally, OSDMA conducts two community-led mock drills every June and November, mobilizing government departments, district collectors, NGOs and thousands of trained volunteers.

7.7.9 The State has also developed digital platforms like SAMARTH platform with support from NIC that maintains a database of trained disaster management manpower across the State. It enables GIS-based and location-specific search for quick mobilization of skilled personnel during emergencies.

C. Specialized Training and Preparedness Programs

7.7.10 Odisha has developed targeted training programs and specialized preparedness initiatives to address specific disaster risks across different sectors. These focused interventions ensure that various stakeholders from government officials to industrial operators and coastal communities are equipped with the knowledge and skills necessary to manage diverse hazards effectively.

7.7.11 Under Gender and Social inclusion in disaster risk reduction 612 district level officers, 1,851 block level officials, and 955 Gram Panchayat level officials and PRI members have been sensitized on mainstreaming gender and social inclusion in disaster risk reduction.

7.7.12 The State’s comprehensive approach covers key areas like capacity building through training programs, fire safety measures, chemical and industrial disaster preparedness, tsunami preparedness for coastal areas, and psychosocial care support for affected populations. This strategy demonstrates Odisha’s commitment to building resilience at all levels while ensuring effective disaster response across different sectors as shown in Figure 7.23.

Capacity building	Fire safety	Chemical and Industry preparedness	Tsunami Preparedness	Psychosocial care
Training of Trainers programme for elected representatives of PRI SIDM is being developed as advanced Disaster management training hub 925 Disaster response training programmes in 2024-25 for ODRAP, Fire and emergency services and other stakeholders	Awareness and Outreach in schools and Training programmes in Bhubaneswar and Cuttack 151 wall paintings & 40 Street plays in Twin cities of Bhubaneswar and Cuttack Community engagement	Odisha and NDMA organized mock exercise on 28th Feb, 2025 in 24 industrial locations in 16 districts To streamline emergency response in Evacuation, detection, Early warning and alert mechanisms.	24 Tsunami prone coastal villages under 6 districts (Balasore, Bhadrak, Kendrapada, Jagatsinghpur, Puri and Ganjam) are recognised as Tsunami ready by IOC-UNESCO	OSDMA NIDM OSDMA NIMHANS Conducted Training programme on psychosocial care in Disaster Management for effective disaster response, rehabilitation and recovery

Source: Odisha State Disaster Management Authority, Government of Odisha

7.7.13 Odisha’s capacity building initiatives encompass other comprehensive training programs designed to strengthen disaster preparedness across multiple stakeholder groups. The “Yuva Aapda Mitra Scheme” (YAMS) aims to train young volunteers from four youth organizations namely, National Cadet Corps (NCC), National Service Scheme (NSS), Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan (NYKS) and Bharat Scout & Guides (BS&G) in disaster preparedness and response. Under this programme, 45 Aapda Mitra volunteers from 16 districts of Odisha have been trained in disaster response skills and techniques. Additionally, 39 volunteers from Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh states have been trained at the Disaster Management Training Centre (DMTC), highlighting Odisha’s role in capacity building beyond its borders.

D. Multi-Hazard Risk mitigation

7.7.14 Beyond cyclones and floods, Odisha addresses diverse hazards including heat waves, snake bites, and lightning strikes that significantly impact public health and rural communities. The State has developed targeted prevention programs and community-based interventions to reduce casualties and protect vulnerable populations from these critical risks.

7.7.15 Snake bite incidents pose a serious threat to rural communities in Odisha, particularly affecting farmers and tribal populations who face higher exposure risks during agricultural activities and in forested areas. The Snake Bite Death Reduction Programme has been implemented across all 30 districts with the objective of reducing fatalities through comprehensive awareness and capacity building activities. To support rescue operations and improve response capabilities, the State has developed the SARPA APP, which facilitates snake rescue and rehabilitation while providing critical information on anti-snake venom availability across healthcare facilities.

7.7.16 Lightning strikes pose a serious safety concern in Odisha, particularly affecting rural communities and agricultural workers who are frequently exposed to open areas during thunderstorms. The Lightning Awareness Programme has been implemented across all 30 districts to reduce lightning and thunderstorm-related fatalities through evidence-based

awareness and capacity building interventions in 3000 most vulnerable villages.

7.7.17 Following a successful pilot phase, the programmes are currently being implemented in 3,000 most vulnerable villages. The initiative has trained and sensitized key community stakeholders including ASHA , Anganwadi Workers, farmers, PRI members, students, teaching and non-teaching staff, and SHG members on snake bite prevention and first aid measures. This multi-stakeholder approach ensures comprehensive coverage and sustainable knowledge transfer within communities, contributing to the State’s overall disaster risk reduction objectives.

7.7.18 Odisha’s transformation from a disaster-prone state to a global resilience model presents how systematic planning, technology, and community participation create effective disaster management. The State’s 3-tier framework, coordinated by OSDMA across 10,000 villages, empowers grassroots-level self-reliant disaster response.

7.7.19 The success of Odisha’s “Zero Casualty” mission integrates cutting edge technology like Doppler radars and digital platforms (SATARK, SAMARTH) with robust community engagement involving over 1 lakh trained volunteers. Continuous improvement through 10 new ODRAF units.

7.7.20 Odisha’s multi-hazard approach addresses cyclones, floods, snake bites, and lightning strikes through targeted programs. With inclusive disaster management encompassing gender sensitivity, youth engagement through YAMS, and comprehensive capacity building, the State has successfully transformed vulnerability into resilience, establishing a replicable model for disaster-prone regions.

7.8 CONCLUSION

7.8.1 Odisha has recorded substantial progress across multiple infrastructure sectors, reflecting a sustained and focused investment strategy. Road connectivity has expanded with upgrades to highways, major district roads, and rural networks, alongside the development of expressways and ring roads that enhance regional mobility. Railways have seen modernization through new lines, electrification, and premium train services, while aviation connectivity has strengthened with new airports, expanded routes, and major investments under the B-MAAN scheme. The State’s power sector has transformed into a power-surplus ecosystem with higher renewable integration, reduced AT&C losses, and expanded transmission and distribution capacity.

7.8.2 Odisha’s urban landscape is undergoing a steady transformation, driven by population growth, economic activity, and planned urban expansion. The State’s urban population, which was 17 per cent in 2011, is projected to reach around 20 per cent by 2026 and 40 per cent by 2036. To support this growth, the State has planned several new cities, expanding public transport, improved water and sanitation systems, and integrated planning.

7.8.3 Strengthening multimodal logistics through faster development of expressways, enhanced port-hinterland connectivity, and operationalisation of NW 5 will be crucial for reducing freight time and improving industrial competitiveness. Urban housing requires further expansion of affordable and EWS units, supported by streamlined digital allotment systems and scaled PPP models to bridge the remaining gaps. Achieving sustainable waste management will depend on accelerating 100% solid and liquid waste processing, expanding decentralized waste-to-wealth facilities, and deepening greywater, faecal sludge, and legacy-waste management across all ULBs.