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Human Capital: Demography, Education, and Skill Development
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HUMAN CAPITAL: DEMOGRAPHY, EDUCATION, AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT
A grayscale illustration of a lightbulb. The bulb is filled with a dense, crowd-like arrangement of numerous small, stylized human figures. The figures are packed closely together, filling the entire shape of the bulb. The base of the lightbulb is a standard screw base, rendered with horizontal ridges. The overall image is a conceptual representation of ‘human capital’.
CHAPTER 8
Abstract
Human capital serves as central driver of long-term economic growth, productivity, and structural transformation. Odisha is currently in a favourable demographic phase, with nearly 69 per cent of its population in the working-age group (15–64 years), a share expected to remain high until the mid-2030s. At the same time, the State is witnessing a gradual rise in the elderly population, with old-age dependency increasing faster than the national average. These shifts underline both the opportunity of a demographic dividend and the emerging need for forward looking planning in healthcare, social security, and care systems.
The State has expanded early childhood care and education through Sishu Vatikas and curriculum reforms aligned with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, with emphasis on school readiness, mother-tongue based instruction, and community engagement. In school education, increased public investment, infrastructure upgrades, improved pupil-teacher ratios, and targeted programmes for foundational literacy and numeracy have strengthened access and quality. Government schools continue to play a dominant role in enrolment. Learning outcomes show consistent improvement, reflected in Odisha’s rise in national rankings.
Higher education has expanded through institutional growth, governance reforms, infrastructure investments, scholarships, and digital systems. Female participation in higher education has increased substantially, and research, innovation, and industry linkages are being strengthened through Centres of Excellence, research fellowships, and technology-focused initiatives. These efforts aim to improve access, equity, and quality while aligning higher education with emerging economic sectors.
A multi-tier framework spanning short-term skilling, vocational training, higher technical education, and the World Skill Centre supports workforce readiness and global employability. Evidence from labour market data indicates clear education and skill premiums, particularly for technically trained and skilled workers, reinforcing the role of human capital investments in improving earnings and productivity. Youth development is further supported through entrepreneurship programmes and a strong emphasis on sports, where Odisha has emerged as a national hub through sustained investments in infrastructure, talent development, and event hosting.
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.1.1 Human capital, defined as the knowledge, skills, and capabilities embodied in workers, plays a crucial role in economic growth through both neoclassical and endogenous growth theories. In Solow’s model, human capital increases effective labour supply, enabling economies to reach higher steady-State income levels. While in Lucas (1988) and Romer (1990) models, human capital drives sustained growth through positive externalities and increasing returns.
8.1.2 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) defines working age population as the share of 15 to 64 year olds in the total population. According to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the demographic dividend is the economic growth potential that can result from shifts in a population’s age structure, mainly when the share of the working age population (15 to 64) is larger than the non-working-age share of the population (14 and younger, and 65 and older).
8.1.3 Workers with higher education, training, and experience are generally more productive and innovative. They effectively adopt new technologies and contribute significantly to total factor productivity growth. Moreover, human capital exhibits spillover effects where skilled workers enhance the productivity of their less-skilled counterparts and contribute to knowledge creation and diffusion throughout the economy. This creates a virtuous cycle where investments in education, healthcare, and training increase individual productivity and generate economy wide benefits. Human capital accumulation becomes a fundamental determinant of long term economic prosperity and convergence patterns across countries.
8.1.4 Globally, demographic transitions are reshaping labour markets and driving patterns of economic growth across nations. The World Population Prospects 2024 highlights that countries experiencing a demographic dividend are presented with a critical window of opportunity. To fully capitalize on this demographic advantage, nations must make substantial investments in education systems. They must simultaneously create sufficient decent employment opportunities for their expanding workforce.
8.1.5 India particularly exemplifies this demographic transition. According to the World Population Report 2023, approximately two-thirds of India’s population currently falls within the workingage category, representing an enormous pool of potential human capital. However, realizing the economic benefits of this youthful demographic profile requires significant investments in both education and skill development programs. Appropriate policies and investments must be implemented to enhance the productivity and employability of its vast working-age population.
8.1.6 At present, Odisha’s working age population is 69.4 per cent and continues the same until 2036. Recognizing this opportunity, the State has launched several programs which enhance education, skilling and job prospects. The State is implementing comprehensive human
capital development initiatives across all educational levels. Beginning with early childhood development through Sishu Vatikas, the framework progresses to school education with Godabarish Mishra Adarsha Prathamik Vidyalaya for elementary upgrades. This educational foundation continues into higher education through Mukhyamantri Medhabi Chatra Protsahan Yojana scholarships and Uttam Chhatrabruti for international studies.
8.1.7 Skill development encompasses Odisha skill programme, CM-ASPIRE and NUA Odisha schemes for training and reskilling. The skilling ecosystem is enhanced by establishment of World Skill Center as finishing school and quality placements. Also, the Nano Unicorn programme fosters entrepreneurship ecosystems, completing an integrated pipeline from early childhood to entrepreneurship that systematically develops a skilled workforce for sustainable economic growth in the State.
8.2 DEMOGRAPHY
A. Demographic Trends and Population Dynamics
8.2.1 Odisha’s population shows decelerating growth rates, indicating a transition toward demographic maturity (Table 8.1). From a population of 4.20 crore in 2011, It is projected to reach 4.90 crore by 2036, reflecting a total increase of 0.70 crore over 25 years. However, the growth momentum is consistently declining from 8.8 per cent growth rate during 2011-21 to projected rates of 3.1 per cent in 2021-25, 2.5 per cent in 2026-31, and just 1.4 per cent in 2031-36.
Odisha’s working-age population remains stable at 69.4% until 2036, creating demographic dividend opportunities
8.2.2 A demographic shift is observed in the male-female population balance. In 2011, male population (2.12 crore) was marginally higher than female population (2.08 crore). This gap gradually narrows through 2026 (2.37 vs 2.34 crore) and 2031 (2.42 vs 2.41 crore). Complete convergence is projected to occur by 2036 when both male and female populations reach approximately 2.45 crore each (Table 8.1). This convergence indicates improving sex ratios, likely reflecting enhanced healthcare access, education opportunities, and reduced gender discrimination.
8.2.3 The slowing population growth coincides with Odisha’s demographic dividend phase, creating favourable conditions for economic development. This demographic dividend is time-bound, requiring strategic investment in education, skill development, and job creation to maximize economic returns before the population starts ageing and dependency ratio increases.
Table 8.1: Demographic Trends in Odisha, 2036 (Population in Crores)
| Year | Total Population | Male | Female | Growth (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2011 | 4.20 | 2.12 | 2.08 | - |
| 2021 | 4.57 | 2.30 | 2.27 | 8.8! l |
| 2026 | 4.71 | 2.37 | 2.34 | 3.1* i |
| 2031 | 4.83 | 2.42 | 2.41 | 2.5* i |
| 2036 | 4.90 | 2.45 | 2.45 | 1.4* i |
Source: Population projections for India and States 2011-2036, National Commission on Population, MoHFW;
*It is for 5-year growth; l is for decadal growth
8.2.4 Sex Ratio at birth: As per the latest SRS (2023), Odisha performs better than the national average in sex ratio at birth. Sex ratio at national level has improved from 904 to 917 girls per 1000 boys between 2017-19 and 2021-23, while Odisha maintained higher levels at 931 and 923 respectively during the same period. After declining until 2020-22, Odisha’s sex ratio improved in 2021-23 (Figure 8.1)
Figure 8.1: Sex ratio at birth (Female per 1000 males), India and Odisha, 2017-19 to 2021-23
| Year | India | Odisha |
|---|---|---|
| 2017-19 | 904 | 931 |
| 2018-20 | 907 | 925 |
| 2019-21 | 913 | 923 |
| 2020-22 | 914 | 919 |
| 2021-23 | 917 | 923 |
Source: Sample Registration System, 2023, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India
8.2.5 Odisha’s improvement in sex ratio reflects success of comprehensive policy measures aimed at protecting girl children. The State has implemented Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) program alongside “Mo Gelha Jhia” (My Lovely Daughter) initiative. These programs focus on changing social attitudes toward girls through awareness campaigns and enforce strict measures against harmful practices like pre-natal sex determination and female foeticide. The multi-pronged approach combines legal enforcement along with sustained community engagement to address gender imbalance and sex ratio.
Odisha’s sex ratio at birth (923) performs better than national average (917) in 2021-23.
8.2.6 In Odisha, rural areas record higher sex ratios (925) compared to urban areas (914), contrasting with the national pattern where urban areas (925) outperform rural areas (914). The stronger performance in rural areas demonstrates successful community-level engagement and effective implementation of awareness initiatives at the grassroots level in the State.
8.2.7 Crude Birth Rate (CBR) Both Odisha and India experienced consistent decline in birth rates over time. India’s Crude Birth Rate (CBR) declined from 21 to 18.4 births per 1,000 between 2014-2023, a reduction of 2.6 per thousand population. Odisha presented a decline from 19.4 to 16 births per 1,000 population (a 3.4-per 1000 population) during same period (Figure 8.2). Odisha has maintained lower birth rates than the national average throughout this period.
8.2.8 In Odisha, rural areas record 16.9 births per 1,000 population compared to 12.1 in urban areas (4.8-point gap). At the national level, the rural-urban difference is 5.4 points (20.3 rural vs 14.9 urban in 2023). The lower urban birth rate is likely driven by shifts toward nuclear families and better access to family planning services. As per NFHS -5, among all the States, Odisha along with West Bengal and Himachal Pradesh recorded highest usage of contraceptive with 74 per cent each.
Figure 8.2: Crude Birth Rate, (per 1000 population) Odisha and India, 2014, 2023
| State/Country | 2014 | 2023 |
|---|---|---|
| Odisha | 19.4 | 16 |
| India | 21 | 18.4 |
Source: Sample Registration System, 2023, office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India
8.2.9 Notably, both India and Odisha showed gradual decline in death rates over the decade, though improvements were moderate. India’s death rate decreased from 6.7 to 6.4 per 1,000 population between 2014 and 2023 (a reduction of 0.3 point per thousand population). Odisha recorded a decline from 7.9 to 7.7 per 1,000 population during the same period, representing a reduction of 0.2 point per thousand population (Figure 8.3).
8.2.10 Urban areas consistently show lower death rates in Odisha as well as at national level. In Odisha, rural areas have higher death rates at 8.0 per 1,000 people compared to 6.1 in urban areas. At the national level, rural areas record 6.8 deaths per 1,000 people while urban areas have 5.7 deaths per 1,000 people. This reflects better healthcare access and living conditions in urban areas.
8.2.11 Overall, These demographic shifts require strategic policy adjustments in healthcare planning, workforce development, and social security systems to capitalize on population structure changes while addressing regional disparities in health outcomes.
Figure 8.3: Crude Death Rate, Odisha and India, 2014, 2023
| Country/State | 2014 | 2023 |
|---|---|---|
| Odisha | 7.9 | 7.7 |
| India | 6.7 | 6.4 |
Source: Sample Registration System, 2023, office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India
8.2.12 Total Fertility Rate (TFR) serves as a key indicator for population trends and health policy planning. As per SRS 2023, Odisha records a TFR of 1.7, below the national average and indicating advanced demographic transition. Six States record TFR above the replacement level of 2.1, primarily in Northern and Central regions, with Bihar leading at 2.8. India’s TFR stands at 1.9, below the replacement level (Figure 8.4). Odisha’s TFR aligns with the southern State level, reflecting similar demographic characteristics and transition stages
Figure 8.4 :Total Fertility rate (TFR) for major States in India, 2023
| State/Region | TFR | Replacement Level |
|---|---|---|
| Tamil Nadu | 1.3 | 2.1 |
| West Bengal | 1.3 | 2.1 |
| Maharashtra | 1.4 | 2.1 |
| Andhra Pradesh | 1.5 | 2.1 |
| Karnataka | 1.5 | 2.1 |
| Kerala | 1.5 | 2.1 |
| Punjab | 1.5 | 2.1 |
| Telangana | 1.5 | 2.1 |
| Odisha | 1.7 | 2.1 |
| Gujarat | 1.8 | 2.1 |
| India | 1.9 | 2.1 |
| Haryana | 1.9 | 2.1 |
| Assam | 2.0 | 2.1 |
| Jharkhand | 2.1 | 2.1 |
| Chhattisgarh | 2.2 | 2.1 |
| Rajasthan | 2.3 | 2.1 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 2.4 | 2.1 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 2.6 | 2.1 |
| Bihar | 2.8 | 2.1 |
Source: Sample Registration System, 2023, office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India
8.2.13 As per SRS 2023, Rural areas consistently show higher fertility rates than urban areas across all the States. Nationally, rural TFR stands at 2.2 compared to urban TFR of 1.6. Odisha follows similar pattern with rural TFR at 1.8 and urban TFR at 1.2. Odisha’s urban TFR stands at 1.2 which is one of the lowest among major states in the country.
8.2.14 Declining TFR initially reduces the number of children (0-14 years), meaning fewer dependents for each working person. But over time, as fewer babies are born and people live longer with improved health facilities, the number of elderly people increase (65+ years). This changes the responsibility from taking care of children to taking care of elderly people, changing the overall age structure of the population.
B. Age Structure and Demographic Dividend
8.2.15 Population pyramid: Odisha’s population structure presents a demographic transition. In 2011, the population exhibited a youthful profile with a broad base, resembling a triangular pyramid. By 2036, the age distribution will likely become more balanced across different cohorts, taking on a bell shape as shown in Figure 8.5. This transformation occurs as fertility rates decline and life expectancy increases. This demographic pattern mirrors the transition experienced by developed European economies in previous decades, indicating Odisha’s progression through established stages of demographic change.
Working-age population grows from 65.1% to 69.4%, creating largest demographic group by 2036.
Figure 8.5: Population Pyramid, Odisha, 2011, 2036
| Age group | 2011 (%) | 2036 (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 80+ | 6.1% | 11.9% | ||
| 75-79 | ||||
| 70-74 | ||||
| 65-69 | ||||
| 60-64 | ||||
| 55-59 | ||||
| 50-54 | 65.1% | 69.4% | ||
| 45-49 | ||||
| 40-44 | ||||
| 35-39 | ||||
| 30-34 | ||||
| 25-29 | ||||
| 20-24 | ||||
| 15-19 | ||||
| 10-14 | ||||
| 5-9 | ||||
| 0-4 | ||||
| 28.8% | 18.9% |
| Year | Total Population |
|---|---|
| 2011 | 4.20 Cr |
| 2026 | 4.71 Cr |
| 2036 | 4.90 Cr |
Source: Population projections for India and States 2011-2036, National Commission on Population, MoHFW
8.2.16 Young Population (0-14 years) will make up a smaller share of the population, decreasing from 28.8 per cent in 2011 to 18.9 per cent in 2036. While the working-age population (15-64 years) will likely grow from 65.1 per cent to 69.4 per cent, representing the largest group in both time periods. Also, the elderly population (65+ years), is projected to increase from 6.1 per cent in 2011 to 11.9 per cent in 2036.
8.2.17 Dependency Ratio: The dependency ratio quantifies the relationship between non-working age populations and the working-age population, expressed as dependents per 100 working-age persons (15-64 years), as used by the World Bank. Young dependency measures children (0-14 years) per 100 working-age individuals, while old dependency measures elderly persons (65+ years) per 100 working-age individuals. Total dependency combines both age groups. These ratios serve as key indicators for assessing demographic pressures on economic resources, social services, and workforce dynamics.
8.2.18 The dependency ratio presents a declining trend for both Odisha and India across the projection period. In 2011, Odisha recorded 53.6 dependents per 100 working-age persons while India registered 57.2. By 2026, it is estimated to have declined to 43.9 in Odisha and 45.8 in India. Projections for 2036 indicate further convergence with Odisha at 44.4 and India at 43.8 as shown in Figure 8.6. Overall, from 2011 to 2036, Odisha achieved a net decrease of 9.2 points compared to India’s larger reduction of 13.4 points. This declining pattern reflects demographic transition characterized by changing age structures.
8.2.19 The reduction in dependency ratios indicates a larger proportion of working-age population relative to dependents. This reflects demographic dividend phases that can support economic development through enhanced labour force participation and potential for increased savings and investment.
Figure 8.6: Overall dependency ratio, Odisha, India in 2011, 2026, 2036 (Per 100 persons)
| Year | Odisha | India |
|---|---|---|
| 2011 | 53.6 | 57.2 |
| 2026 | 43.9 | 45.8 |
| 2036 | 44.4 | 43.8 |
Source: Population projections for India and States 2011-2036, National Commission on Population, MoHFW
8.2.20 The young and old dependency analysis shows different trends for India and Odisha from 2011 to 2036. Young dependency ratios decline substantially for both regions, with India decreasing by 19.6 percentage points from 48.6 to 29.0 and Odisha declining by 17.0 percentage points from 44.2 to 27.2 as shown in Figure 8.7. Odisha maintains lower young dependency ratios throughout this period, indicating fewer children per working-age population.
8.2.21 Old dependency ratios increase from 2011 to 2036. India’s old dependency rises by 6.2 percentage points from 8.6 to 14.8 per 100 population from 2011 to 2036, while Odisha shows a larger increase of 7.7 percentage points from 9.4 to 17.1 per 100 population during the same period (Figure 8.7). This indicates Odisha is experiencing faster population ageing compared to India. Rising old dependency requires planning for healthcare services, elderly care facilities, and support systems for the growing senior population.
Figure 8.7: Young and Old dependency from 2011 to 2036, India and Odisha
| Category | Region | 2011 | 2026 | 2036 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Young | India | 48.6 | 34.5 | 29 |
| Odisha | 44.2 | 31.3 | 27.2 | |
| Old | India | 8.6 | 11.2 | 14.8 |
| Odisha | 9.4 | 12.7 | 17.1 |
Source: Population projections for India and States 2011-2036, National Commission on Population, MoHFW
8.2.22 In response to these demographic and socio-economic realities, Odisha supports pensioners through two key schemes, the State-funded Madhu Babu Pension Yojana (MBPY), covering 36.75 lakh beneficiaries from various vulnerable groups, and the jointly funded National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP), which covers over 20 lakh beneficiaries under old-age, widow, and disability pensions.
8.2.23 Recognising the evolving nature of population ageing and its close intersection with rising disability and functional limitations, the State is progressively moving towards a more integrated and systems oriented approach. As longevity increases, demands for health care, assistive services, long-term care, and social support are expected to rise, with implications for households, labour markets, and public finances. Managing ageing transition effectively will be vital for sustaining productivity, labour-force participation, and social cohesion. The emerging
Total dependency ratio decreases from 57.2 to 44.4, indicating strong demographic dividend potential.
direction therefore emphasises convergence across social security, health, care services, data systems, and institutional capacities, reflecting a shift from fragmented welfare interventions towards a holistic response to ageing and disability.
Box 8.1: Care economy: Unlocking a new segment for the growing economy
Odisha is experiencing a significant demographic shift, with the elderly population projected to double from 6.1 percent in 2011 to 11.9 percent by 2036. Therefore, over the next decade, robust care infrastructure will be essential to meet the needs of growing ageing population through comprehensive social security measures.
The Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India report in 2024 that women’s unpaid care and domestic work in India represents an economic value ranging from 15-17 percent of GDP. With longer life expectancy among women and a higher incidence of widowhood in older ages, the feminisation of ageing further amplifies both the demand for care and the burden of unpaid care work borne by women.
In response to this demographic transition, the State, in partnership and technical assistance from the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), is adopting a forward-looking approach to ageing that seeks to manage emerging care and protection needs and harness the potential “silver dividend” arising from longer and healthier lives. This approach is evolving around three broad and mutually reinforcing pillars, drawing on initiatives already underway as well as the emerging policy framework.
Strengthening policy, systems, and institutional convergence: Anchoring the State’s response to population ageing in the ongoing revision of the Odisha Senior Citizen Policy, with a focus on convergence across social security, health, care services, disability support, and data systems to ensure a coordinated and future-ready governance framework.
-
Strengthening care and support systems: Expanding the availability and quality of care services for older persons and persons with age-related disabilities, including the development of a trained pool of caregivers and home-based support services to enhance quality of life and functional independence.
-
Promoting active and productive ageing: Encouraging continued participation of older persons in economic, social, and community life through skill utilisation, care roles, and experience-based engagement, thereby contributing to the silver dividend and moderating dependency pressures.
To enhance quality of life for senior citizens, the State is building a trained pool of caregivers to assist elderly people. Program Implementing Agencies have been selected to conduct training and certification programs in the East zone (Bhubaneswar) and North zone (Baripada) to provide home care and bedside assistance to needy senior citizens.
Currently, monthly pensions range from ₹ 1,000 to ₹ 1,200. But from January 2025, the pension has been revised to ₹ 3,500 per month for beneficiaries aged 80 and above or those with over 80 per cent disability, benefiting more than 5 lakh individuals. Investments in the care economy can be undertaken across a range of sectors including aging population support, care for highly dependent adults, and childcare services. The State is working to revamp the Odisha Senior Citizen Policy, and workshops have been organized with the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) to gather stakeholder opinions and recommendations.
Source: Social Security and Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities, Government of Odisha
C. Rural-Urban Population Dynamics
8.2.24 Urban demographic patterns: As per population projections for India and States 2011-2036. Odisha’s urban population shows steady growth from 16.8 per cent in 2011 to likely 21.4 per cent in 2036, representing an increase of 4.6 percentage points during the period. India’s urban population grows from 31.3 per cent to 39.2 per cent during the same period, showing a rise of 7.9 percentage points as shown in Figure 8.8. The data indicates consistent urban population increase in Odisha, reflecting ongoing demographic transition and migration patterns from rural to urban areas, alongside natural growth in existing urban centers.
Figure 8.8: Urban population of Odisha and India from 2011 to 2036 (in per cent)
| Region | 2011 (%) | 2026 (%) | 2036 (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Odisha | 16.8 | 19.5 | 21.4 |
| India | 31.3 | 36.2 | 39.2 |
Source: Population projections for India and States 2011-2036, National Commission on Population, MoHFW
8.2.25 Odisha has a substantial rural population with 79.9 per cent males and 81.1 per cent females residing in rural areas in 2026. Over four-fifths of the State’s total population lives in rural settings. Females demonstrate slightly higher rural concentration compared to males, creating a gender differential of 1.2 percentage points. This pattern reflects traditional settlement dynamics where rural areas typically retain higher female population shares. Male
out-migration to urban centers for employment opportunities contributes to this rural gender distribution. Whereas India has lower rural population share with 63.5 per cent males and 64.2 per cent females living in rural areas in 2026.
8.2.26 Moreover, Migration represents a vital livelihood strategy and economic phenomenon across Odisha, reflecting the State’s demographic and socio-economic transition. As households seek better economic opportunities and adapt to changing agricultural patterns, migration has become an integral component of rural and urban livelihoods throughout the State. Recent data estimates in 2023, current migrants stands at 2.82 million and included 0.74 million return migrants, representing 17.5 per cent and 4.6 per cent of households respectively. This reveals that over one in five households are engaged in migration activities.
8.2.27 Interstate migration constitutes the largest share of Odisha’s migration patterns, accounting for 58.3 per cent of current migrants. Intrastate movement follows at 40 per cent, while international migration is limited at 1.7 per cent. Employment serves as the primary motivation, driving nearly 60 per cent of migration decisions. Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh emerge as the main destination States for Odisha’s migrant.
8.2.28 The economic significance of migration is evident through substantial remittance flows that contribute to household welfare and State economy. Approximately 67.9 per cent of migrant households receive remittances averaging ₹5,101 monthly, generating an estimated ₹772.47 crore annually for the State economy.
8.2.29 Overall, these demographic and migration patterns highlight Odisha’s gradual rural-urban transition with vital development implications. These trends require balanced policy frameworks that support rural development alongside urban growth management. This requires addressing rural gender dynamics and utilizing migration contributions for balanced economic development across all regions.
8.3 QUALITY EDUCATION
8.3.1 Education plays an important role in human development. Odisha has implemented several interventions across early childhood development, school education and higher education which have contributed to improved access and quality of education. The State has made significant investments in school infrastructure, teacher recruitment and digital learning. These equip students with the skills and knowledge necessary to succeed in the modern job market. Early childhood programs lay a robust foundation for lifelong learning and development. While School education builds essential skills and knowledge for academic progression, higher education develops specialists needed for current employment opportunities. The following section examines how these educational initiatives benefit communities across the State.
A. Early Childhood development
8.3.2 The first thousand days of life have profound impact on lifelong learning and optimal growth and development of children. During this period, proper nutrition and care influence a child’s ability to grow, learn, and develop throughout life. Odisha’s Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) programme build the foundation for emotional health and lifelong learning.
8.3.3 The State is implementing the Nua Arunima curriculum, which aligns with the National Education Policy 2020. This curriculum focuses on strengthening pre-primary school readiness for children aged 3-6 years. It emphasizes mother-tongue based learning across 17 tribal languages, ensuring culturally appropriate education.
8.3.4 The flagship “Aama Kuni Pilaa” program is a comprehensive 5-year scheme designed for children under 3 years. This initiative operates through home-based, parent-led early stimulation campaigns. It includes capacity building, specially designed toy kits, assessment cards, flip books, Kuni calendar etc. The programme’s components include sensitizing parents and caregivers on the importance of early years in a child’s development & facilitating positive parenting practices using contextual IECs, capacity building of ICDS officials & Anganwadi Workers, and structured monitoring and evaluation. Odisha has created strong coordination between Women & Child Development and School & Mass Education departments for smooth preschool-to-primary transition, with 21,601 primary schools now having Anganwadi Centers on their premises.
Figure 8.9: Transforming early years - Integrated initiatives for foundational learning
- 45,000 Shishu vatikas in all Government primary schools** (Top segment, yellow)
- Shishu Vatikas (preschool wings)** (Upper segment, yellow)
- 19,667 Anganwadi centers in School Premises** (Upper right segment, orange)
- Collocated AWCs** (Right segment, orange)
- Aame Padhiba Aame Bhasare** (Right segment, pink)
- Five-year educational initiative to impart early childhood education in children’s mother tongue** (Far right segment, grey)
- Nua Arunima Curriculum** (Lower right segment, orange)
- Aama Kuni Pilaa** (Lower segment, yellow)
- To promote parent-led, home-based learning through sensory activities, toys, and interaction** (Lower left segment, orange)
- Mother tongue-based curriculum to improve foundational literacy and numeracy for tribal children across 10 languages** (Far left segment, grey)
Source: Women and Child Development Department, Government of Odisha
8.3.5 Community engagement forms the backbone of ECCE implementation, facilitated through structured monthly activities. ECCE days are celebrated twice monthly on 2nd and 19th of every month at all AWCs, Shai shaba Diwas for parents of children under three and Ankur Day for broader community involvement. The annual “Kotie Hasa” festival is celebrated on Children’s Day achieved success with over 16 lakh parents and caregivers participating across all AWCs in 2024. These events foster community interaction, encourage responsive caregiving, involve fathers in childcare discussions, and promote local toys while creating inclusive home environments.
8.3.6 In 2025, Odisha has successfully established 45,000 Sishu Vatikas as early childhood education centers across all government primary schools. These centers use play-based learning and mother-tongue instruction to build pre-literacy and numeracy skills in young children. They ensure smooth transition from early childhood to primary education, providing a strong foundation for academic success.
B. School Education
8.3.7 Odisha has prioritized strengthening its school education system to ensure quality learning opportunities for all children. The State has significantly increased its spending in School and Mass Education, with budget allocation rising from ₹22,527 crore in 2023-24 to ₹31,185 crore in 2025-26 (BE), representing a 38.4 percent increase in the last two years. This demonstrates the commitment to improving educational infrastructure, learning quality, and expanding access to education across the State.
8.3.9 Odisha government has launched several programs to strengthen education sector in the State. To improve foundational learning outcomes, the Odisha Nipun Mission has started in all government primary schools across the State to ensure every child achieves Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN) skills by Grade 3. This program uses evidence-based teaching methods, regular assessments, and targeted interventions to address learning gaps early.
8.3.10 Further, Godabarish Mishra Adarsha Prathamik Vidyalaya (GMAPV) Scheme is initiated to establish one model primary school in every gram panchayat, ensuring quality education to all. This initiative aims to bridge the urban-rural education gap by providing quality educational facilities, trained teachers, and modern teaching methodologies to children in remote areas. As per UDISE+ 2024-25, Odisha has 61,565 schools serving 76.44 lakh students with 3.44 lakh teachers.
8.3.11 As per Comprehensive Modular Survey on education 2025, Odisha shows distinct enrolment patterns compared to national averages. Government schools enrol 80.8 percent of students in Odisha versus 55.9 percent nationally, a 24.9 percentage points higher. While private unaided schools serve 10.8 percent in Odisha compared to 31.9 percent nationally, reflecting 21.1 percentage points lower enrolment. Private aided schools account for 8.2 percent in Odisha versus 11.3 percent nationally, a 3.1 percentage points difference. These statistics indicate government schools play a more prominent role in Odisha’s education system compared to national trends.
Figure 8.10: Distribution of students by school type, (April-June) 2025, (In per cent)
| Region | Government (%) | Pvt.aided (%) | Pvt.unaided(recognised) (%) | others (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odisha | 80.8 | 8.2 | 10.8 | 0.3 |
| India | 55.9 | 11.3 | 31.9 | 0.8 |
Source: Comprehensive Modular Survey: Education, 2025
8.3.12. Under the Samagra Shiksha program in 2024-25, the State upgraded 29 primary schools to upper primary level ensuring better educational progression opportunities across regions. Additionally, 21 Netaji Subash Chandra Bose Avasiya Vidyalaya (residential hostels/schools) operate across 12 districts, providing educational support to children aged 6-14 years from disadvantaged backgrounds. This ensures that economic and geographical barriers do not prevent access to quality education.
8.3.13 The State’s commitment to educational excellence is demonstrated through the Odisha Adarsha Vidyalaya Sangathan (OAVS), which operates 320 CBSE affiliated schools across 314 blocks with student enrolment growing five-fold from 2016-17 to 2024-25. These institutions achieved impressive academic results with 91.8 percent pass rate for Class X and 72.05 percent for Class XII in 2025, focusing on holistic education that combines academic, physical, and aesthetic development. OAVS schools are supported by 10 skill labs for digital education and provide hostel facilities for students from remote areas, ensuring comprehensive educational access and quality throughout the State.
8.3.14 The State has significantly upgraded school infrastructure to enhance the learning environment for students. Improvements include modern classroom facilities, separate toilets, open-air auditoriums, drinking water systems, and well-equipped playgrounds. These comprehensive upgrades create conducive spaces for effective teaching and learning across all educational institutions.
8.3.15 According to UDISE+ 2024-25, all schools now have drinking water, sanitation facilities, electricity, and libraries. Additionally, 84 percent of schools have internet connectivity and 76.7 percent have computer facilities as shown in Figure 8.11. Odisha performs better than national averages in playground availability, electricity connections, internet facilities, and separate
toilet facilities for girls. Schools with computer facilities increased by 29 percent from 2023-24 to 2024-25, reflecting the State’s commitment to modernizing educational infrastructure.
Figure 8.11: Improved infrastructure facilities in schools 2024-25
| Infrastructure Facility | Percentage |
|---|---|
| Access to separate Toilet facility | 99% |
| Access to drinking water | 100% |
| Schools with Library access | 99.84% |
| Schools With electricity connection | 97.44% |
| Schools with internet Facility | 83.79% |
| Schools with hand wash | 99.59% |
| Schools with playground | 98.42% |
| Schools with computer facility | 76.75% |
Source: Unified District Information System for Education Plus, 2024-25, MoE, Government of India
8.3.16 Pupil Teacher Ratio (PTR): Effective teacher deployment plays a crucial role in ensuring quality education delivery across different school levels. Odisha maintains favourable pupil-teacher ratios well below the NEP 2020 recommendation of 1:30. In foundational education, the State has 7 students per teacher against the national average of 10 in 2024-25. As per UDISE+ 2024-25, The State performs better across preparatory (10:1 vs 13:1) and middle school levels (15:1 vs 17:1), while secondary education aligns with the national average at 21:1 as shown below.
Figure 8.12: Pupil Teacher Ratio (PTR) across educational levels, Odisha, India, 2022-23, 2024-25
| State | Year | Foundational | Preparatory | Middle | Secondary |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odisha | 2022-23 | 7 | 11 | 15 | 22 |
| 2024-25 | 7 | 10 | 15 | 21 | |
| India | 2022-23 | 11 | 14 | 18 | 21 |
| 2024-25 | 10 | 13 | 17 | 21 |
Source: Unified District Information System for Education Plus 2022-23 and 2024-25, MoE, Government of India
8.3.17 Between 2022-23 and 2024-25, Odisha has maintained these ratios with improvements at the preparatory level, from 11:1 to 10:1. The favourable teacher distribution pattern enhances classroom instruction quality by enabling individualized student attention. This approach contributes to improved learning outcomes, particularly at foundational levels where personalized guidance is crucial. Such focused attention helps students build strong core academic skills that form the basis for future educational success.
Odisha maintains favorable pupil-teacher ratios well below NEP 2020 recommendation of 1:30.
8.3.18 Moreover, Odisha has made progress in reducing schools with single teacher from 3,725 in 2022-23 to 1,089 in 2024-25, representing a decline of 70.8 percent. This improvement indicates better teacher deployment and resource allocation, ensuring more schools have adequate teaching staff to deliver quality education across different subjects and grade levels.
Single teacher schools reduced by 70.8% from 3,725 to 1,089 between 2022-23 to 2024-25
8.3.19 Gross Enrolment Ratio: Odisha’s education system continues to expand access and improve quality across all levels of schooling.
8.3.20 Odisha’s Gross Enrolment Ratio presents mixed patterns across education stages. In foundational education level(Pre-primary to Class II), the State recorded 35 per cent GER in UDISE+ 2024-25, with a 0.2 percent increase from 2022-23. While national average decreased by 0.5 per cent (41.9 vs 41.4) during the same period. Similarly, at the preparatory level (Class III to V), Odisha experienced a 3.9 per cent decline (98.5 vs 94.6) in GER compared to 1.5 per cent nationally (96.9 vs 95.4) (Figure 8.13).
8.3.21 Moreover,in middle educational level (Class VI to VIII) Odisha’s GER increased by 2.1 per cent (93.4 vs 95.5) from 2022-23 to 2024-25 and national average has slightly increased by 0.3 per cent (90 vs 90.3). At middle educational level, GER of Odisha is 5.2 percentage points higher than national average, achieving Odisha Vision target. Similarly, at secondary educational level GER of Odisha has increased by 5.5 percentage points (72.3 vs 66.8) while national average has increased by 0.9 percentage points (68.5 vs 67.6) from 2022-23 to 2024-25 as shown below.
Figure 8.13: Overall Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER), 2022-23 and 2024-25 (in Per cent)
| Year | State | Foundational | Preparatory | Middle | Secondary |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022-23 | Odisha | 34.8 | 98.5 | 93.4 | 66.8 |
| India | 41.9 | 96.9 | 90 | 67.6 | |
| 2024-25 | Odisha | 35 | 94.6 | 95.5 | 72.3 |
| India | 41.4 | 95.4 | 90.3 | 68.5 |
Source: Unified District Education System for Education Plus 2022-23 and 2024-25, MoE, Government of India
8.3.22 Dropout rate: Reducing dropout rates is essential for achieving universal education and maximizing human capital development across the State. According to UDISE+ data from 2022-23 to 2024-25, Odisha shows improvement at the secondary level with reduced dropout rates. This improvement aligns with national trends toward better educational completion rates. At the preparatory level, dropout rates increased by 1 percentage point (0.4 vs 1.4) in Odisha compared to a 6.4 percent decrease nationally (8.7 vs 2.3). while at the middle educational level Odisha recorded a 0.1 percentage points increase (3.1 vs 3.2) against a 4.6 percentage points decline (8.1 vs 3.5) at national level as shown in Figure 8.14. At the secondary level, dropout rates in Odisha decreased by 0.5 percentage points (10.3 vs 9.8) while at national level it decreased by 5.6 percentage points (13.8 vs 8.2).
8.3.23 Odisha has partnered with the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) to establish flexible learning environments and alternative educational pathways. This collaboration provides inclusive learning opportunities for students requiring non-traditional educational approaches. The initiative aims to improve student completion rates across all education levels throughout the State.
Figure 8.14: Dropout rates in Odisha and India, 2022-23 and 2024-25 (in per cent)
| Year | State | Preparatory (%) | Middle (%) | Secondary (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022-23 | Odisha | 0.4 | 3.1 | 10.3 |
| India | 8.7 | 8.1 | 13.8 | |
| 2024-25 | Odisha | 1.4 | 3.2 | 9.8 |
| India | 2.3 | 3.5 | 8.2 |
Note: As per National Educational Policy 2020 (New structure)
Source: Unified District Education System for Education Plus 2022-23 and 2024-25, MoE, Government of India
Table 8.2: Achievements of the Higher secondary education (Class 11 and 12) in 2024-25
Pathani Samantha Mathematics Talent scholarship (PSMTS): The scholarship was awarded to top 1000 students based on overall academic performance and excellence in Mathematics. In 2024-25, 4000 students from class XI and 962 students from class XII were granted the scholarship via DBT. e-Certificates were issued through the Odisha State Scholarship Portal to recognize academic excellence. | Image: Icon of an open book |
Junior Merit Scholarship: The Junior Merit scholarship initiative provided assistance to 10,000 poor and meritorious students, offering ₹3000 annually for 2 years. During the year, 5,365 students from class XI and 8,972 students from class XII benefited under the scheme | Image: Icon of a person with a checkmark |
Upgradation of High schools to Higher secondary schools: In the academic year 2024-25, a significant milestone was achieved with the upgradation of 89 high schools into Higher Secondary Schools, making them functional to accommodate Class-XI and XII education. | Image: Icon of a pencil and paper |
Sikhyia Jyoti Portal: A holistic digital platform designed to support Higher Secondary students and teachers. It offers a range of interactive features, including Q&A forums, multimedia resources, video lectures, PDF notes, and open discussion spaces to foster enhanced digital learning. To ensure effective implementation, principals and faculty members have received dedicated training on the platform’s usage. | Image: Icon of a person with a speech bubble |
Source: Directorate of Higher secondary education, Odisha
8.3.24 Quality Learning Outcomes: Improving learning outcomes is essential for achieving SDG-4 on quality education and supports NEP 2020’s emphasis on student-centered learning. Learning outcomes measure how well students acquire knowledge, skills, and competencies during their education. In this aspect, Odisha has improved in learning outcomes across education levels through digital education, skill labs, and improved school environments.
8.3.25 According to the Performance Grade Index (PGI) 2.0 released in June 2025, Odisha ranks 5th among all States and Union Territories and 3rd among the major States. The State has improved from 19th position in 2019 to 3rd among major States in 2023-24, scoring 595.6 out of 1000 points, placing behind only Punjab and Gujarat as shown in Figure 8.15. Odisha is placed in the Prachesta-3 category alongside 9 other States. This shows consistent progress in educational performance and quality improvement across the education system.
Figure 8.15: Performance Grading Index 2.0 among major States in India, 2025 (score for 1000)
| State | Score |
|---|---|
| Punjab | 631.2 |
| Gujarat | 614.4 |
| Odisha | 595.6 |
| Kerala | 594.2 |
| Haryana | 591.4 |
| Maharashtra | 582 |
| Rajasthan | 581.5 |
| Andhra Pradesh | 562.2 |
| Tamil Nadu | 559.2 |
| Karnataka | 549.6 |
| West Bengal | 533.8 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 532.8 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 528.1 |
| Telangana | 511.9 |
| Assam | 511.5 |
| Jharkhand | 502.2 |
| Chhattisgarh | 494.6 |
| Bihar | 472 |
Source: Ministry of Education, Government of India
8.3.26 Odisha features among the top 10 high-performing States in Grades 3, 6, and 9 in PARAKH Rastriya Sarvekshan 2024. At the district level, Anugul and Kalahandi rank among the top 50 performing districts in India in Grade 6 category. Notably, Kalahandi is among top 50 performing districts in Grade 9. However, Malkangiri and Gajapati are among the 50 districts requiring improvement in Grades 3 and 9 respectively.
AI (Artificial Intelligence) learning and competency development are being integrated into schools through PARAKH Udyam Sansaar initiatives. Interactive classroom tools such as ‘Jaadu Padi’ are being used to make learning more engaging. This play-based learning toolkit has improved learning outcomes at the foundational level up to Grade V
C. Higher Education and Research
8.3.27 Odisha is transforming higher education sector with a focus on quality, access, equity, and inclusivity. The State’s strategic priorities encompass quality learning, research innovation, industry-academia linkages, entrepreneurship development, and infrastructure modernization to create a comprehensive educational ecosystem. In 2025-26, the State allocated ₹375 crores for infrastructure enhancement across universities and colleges. Additionally, provisions of ₹40 crores for quality education modernization and ₹20 crores for laboratory grants are provided. A pioneering initiative includes establishing tribal language laboratories in State universities with ₹10 crore allocation to preserve and promote indigenous languages.
8.3.28 Recently, The Government of Odisha enacted the Universities (Amendment) Act 2024, effective from April 2025. The Act improves academic governance and operational efficiency in universities by granting greater autonomy while streamlining academic processes. University senates have been brought back to allow shared decision-making in governance. These changes are aimed at decentralising power, enhancing university autonomy, and encouraging democratic participation in university management. This strengthens Odisha’s higher education system for better results and transparency
8.3.29 Odisha’s higher education landscape comprises 1,100 institutions across various categories. The largest segment consists of 648 aided colleges, representing the backbone of higher education in the State. There are 331 Un-aided colleges in the State. The State has 66 government colleges offering affordable quality education under various streams. The university sector includes 17 State universities and one central university, while 16 teacher education colleges prepare quality educators. Additionally, 21 Centres of Excellence promote specialized research and advanced learning. This institutional mix demonstrates Odisha’s balanced approach to public-private higher education delivery as shown Figure 8.16.
8.3.30 In alignment with NEP 2020, several universities in Odisha have integrated the Indian Knowledge System (IKS) into their curriculum to promote traditional knowledge in Ayurveda, Yoga, Mathematics, Vedas, and Upanishads. Rama Devi University offers a multidisciplinary course on Bhagavad Gita philosophy, while Vikram Dev University provides courses on Indian society, Vedic studies, and Sri Jagannath Sanskruti. Utkal University has partnered with the Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS) to preserve ancient manuscripts. These initiatives encourage scientific validation of traditional practices while preserving India’s cultural heritage and enhancing the country’s soft power.
Figure 8.16: Higher Education Institutions in Odisha
| Institution Type | Count |
|---|---|
| Aided colleges | 648 |
| Un-Aided colleges | 331 |
| Government Colleges | 66 |
| Universities | 17 |
| Teacher Education colleges | 16 |
| Central University | 1 |
| Centre of Excellence | 21 |
Source: Department of Higher Education, Odisha
8.3.31 Infrastructure upgradation: In 2024-25, The State established 18 new government colleges in previously uncovered blocks, addressing geographical gaps and providing local access to quality education in remote areas. Under the Pradhan Mantri Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (PM-USHA), Odisha has received approval for ₹676.70 crore with interest across 38 projects to enhance higher education quality, access, and equity. The funding is distributed across four
components. ₹400 crore for Multi-Disciplinary Education and Research Universities (MERU) covering four universities namely Ravenshaw, Berhampur, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo, and Sambalpur. While ₹100 crore for Grants to Strengthen Universities (GSU) supporting five universities, ₹120 crore for Grants to Strengthen Colleges (GSC) benefiting 24 colleges, and ₹50 crore for Gender Inclusion and Equity Initiatives (GIEI) across five institutions.
8.3.32 Gross Enrolment Ratio: Odisha’s higher education shows progress in expanding access and maintaining quality. As Per All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE 2022), GER of Odisha is 22.1, 6.3 per cent less than national average of 28.4 as shown in Figure 8.17. In 2024-25, Odisha’s higher education institutions under higher education department enrolled over 2 lakh students across all the institutions. The enrolment shows male students accounting for 41.5 per cent (85,604) and female students representing 58.5 per cent (1,20,517), 17 percentage points higher than male students. Further, the State aims to increase GER to 35 per cent by 2029 in line with Viksit Odisha 2036 & 2047.
8.3.33 Also, as per AISHE 2022, Odisha has a PTR of 25:1, slightly higher than the national average of 26:1. Odisha has committed to improving this ratio to 20:1 by 2029 to enhance educational quality and ensure effective learning outcomes. Odisha has 27 colleges per lakh population compared to the national average of 30 colleges per lakh population in higher education.
Figure 8.17: Gross Enrolment Ratio In Higher Education, Odisha, India, 2021-22
| Country/State | Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) |
|---|---|
| India | 28.4 |
| Odisha | 22.1 |
Source: All India Survey on Higher Education 2021-22, Ministry of Education, Government of India
8.3.34 To support continued growth in higher education access and quality standards, the State has developed the Higher Education Information Management System (HIMS), in July 2025. HIMS is an integrated digital solution covering over 1,000 government and non-government colleges that integrates with the Student Academic Management System (SAMS) and Scholarship Portal. The system captures comprehensive data on colleges, students, and faculty to ensure governance, transparency, and improved service delivery through centralized data management.
8.3.35 Scholarship Schemes: Scholarships are vital investments that help build skilled human resources for the State. By supporting students financially, scholarships create a trained workforce that contributes to the State’s economic development and growth. In 2025-26, ₹ 74.4 crore have been disbursed to 51,648 students in higher education under multiple schemes and sub-schemes
8.3.36 Odisha has built a strong education support system through several key schemes that provide scholarships to students. The Mukhyamantri Medhabi Chhatra Protsahana Yojana is the main umbrella scheme that includes three programs namely e-Medhabruti, Vyusakabi Fakir Mohan Bhasabruti, and Gopabandhu Sikhyā Sahayata Yojana. In 2025-26, the schemes supported 47,762 students with ₹61.8 crore disbursements. These 3 sub-schemes together provided educational support to 56,833 students with ₹72.9 crores in 2024-25. In 2025-26, ₹105 crores are allocated under this umbrella scheme.
8.3.37 In parallel, the Godabarisha Vidarthi Protsahana Yojana provided laptops to 13,973 meritorious Class XII students with ₹42.2 crores investment. In 2025-26, The State has allocated ₹45 crores to support 15,000 meritorious +2 students under this initiative. The State has also focused on civil services preparation through the Free UPSC Coaching Scheme, which achieved success with 83 out of 200 students from the first batch securing government positions. Table 8.3 highlights some of the other key achievements in higher education in 2024-25.
Table 8.3: Other Key highlights of Higher Education 2024-25
| 11.25 per cent reservation for Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC) students in admission process of Higher education institutions, re-inforcing the principles of equity and inclusion based on constitutional rights and social justice |  |
| Vyasa Kabi Fakir Mohan Bhasabruti Scholarship has been expanded for students outside Odisha to promote excellence in Odia language, offering ₹20,000 for UG and ₹30,000 for PG Odia Honours students. In 2025-26, the initiative provided scholarship to 3,817 students with total assistance of ₹9.38 crore. |  |
| Wi-Fi connectivity was provided to universities and 113 Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) significantly enhancing digital learning infrastructure. Also, Infrastructure projects worth ₹675 crore were sanctioned for Higher Education Institutions for construction of classrooms, hostels, girls’ toilets, multipurpose halls, and inclusive amenities like disabled-friendly facilities. |  |
| The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 was implemented in all undergraduate programs with a flexible four-year curriculum, promoting multidisciplinary learning and regional language inclusion. |  |
Self-defence clubs were opened in all degree colleges to empower young women by creating awareness regarding multi-faceted challenges like cybercrime, cybersecurity.
Industry linked training and Placement initiatives: In collaboration with the BFSI sector Skill council and BFSI, and NSE internships were offered to 5,000 students across 58 colleges, enhancing industry exposure and practical learning. 748 and 286 students are placed through BOPT and BFSI respectively. 375 students were offered training at GFTN from 84 HEIs. 177 students are selected for placement phase wise. 12,863 and 30,000 students have completed the course on NASSCOM and COURSERA platform respectively.
Source: Department of Higher Education, Odisha
8.3.38 Center of Excellence in Higher Technical Institutions: The State has established Centers of Excellence (CoE) in its higher technical institutions to foster innovation, research, and skill development aligned with industry requirements and emerging technologies. These centers serve as hubs for advanced learning, collaborative research, and knowledge creation, bridging the gap between academic excellence and industry needs.
Figure 8.18: Centre of Excellences in Higher Technical Institutions
| Center of Excellence | Icon |
|---|---|
| 1. IC design | Microchip icon |
| 2. Advanced Construction | Robot icon |
| 3. Digital Manufacturing | Cloud and network icon |
| 4. Simulation Modelling | Brain and cloud icon |
| 5. Additive Manufacturing | 3D printing icon |
| 6. Mining and Allied Industries | Factory icon |
| 7. Virtual engineering Design & Innovation centre | Person working at a computer icon |
Source: Department of Higher Education in Odisha
8.3.39 Currently, seven CoEs are established across various technical institutions in the State as shown in figure above. Each CoE operates through strategic partnerships with leading industry players. These collaborations provide students with hands-on training opportunities, internships, industry exposure, joint research projects, and access to cutting-edge technologies and certification programs. The CoEs offer specialized laboratory infrastructure, advanced
equipment, and structured curricula designed to meet industry standards. Students benefit from expert-led training programs, workshops, technical seminars, and direct interaction with technology partners, ensuring they develop industry-ready competencies and skills essential for the modern workforce.
8.3.40 Research and Innovation are fundamental to economic development, creating skilled and adaptable workforces that drive productivity growth. Strategic investments in research and development enhance the technical capabilities of workers while developing critical problem-solving skills essential for economic competitiveness.
8.3.41 Odisha is building a world-class research system in vital areas like mining, aerospace, food processing, clean energy, and ocean-based industries. The sixth Odisha Research Conclave 2025 at Berhampur University featured 600 research poster presentations, dialogues on innovation, entrepreneurship, and academia industry linkage under NEP 2020.
8.3.42 In 2025-26, the Odisha government has given financial help of ₹ 10 lakh each to 60 teachers from universities and colleges. Box 8.2 shows the details of Mukhya Mantri Research and Innovation Fellowship Programme. Under MRIP, 300 Ph.D. students have received research fellowships, while ₹276.78 lakh has been distributed among 11 Research Centers of Excellence (RCoEs). The Higher Education Department and Odisha State Higher Education Council are running this program together. The goal is to strengthen research in the State and support new ideas as per the National Education Policy 2020.
Box 8.2: Centre of Excellences in Higher Technical Institutions
Mukhyamantri Research and Innovation Programme (MRIP)
1. Mukhyamantri Research Fellowship (MRF)
The component aims to attract and retain talented research scholars within the State’s higher education system.
Awarded to eligible full time Ph.D. scholars registered in State Public Universities of Odisha. Fellowship is provided for 4 years
2. Mukhyamantri Research and Innovation (MRI)- Faculty Research Grant
MRI is to promote innovation, applied research, and problem solving research
Funding is provided to faculty members of State Public Universities and Colleges.
Financial assistance is provided for a fixed project duration, generally up to two years, depending on the nature of the project.
Research across disciplines namely Science and Technology, Social Sciences, Humanities, and interdisciplinary areas
Source: Higher Education department, Government of Odisha
8.3.43 Central University of Odisha (CUO) signed a memorandum of understanding with four central universities in August 2025. This collaboration aims to enhance higher education and research activities across the participating institutions. In budget 2025-26, the State has proposed establishing a comprehensive research ecosystem starting with the Odisha State Research Fund of ₹20 crore to support faculty-student collaborations. Building on this foundation, the budget proposes ₹23 crore for the Chief Minister Research and Innovation Fellowship Plan to fund individual researchers and innovative projects across the State.
Seven Centers of Excellence established across technical institutions with industry partnerships worth crores.
8.3.44 Further, the State proposes strengthening higher education with ₹5 crore for international programs and student exchanges. In advanced technology, the 2025-26 budget proposes ₹50 crore for DeepTech initiatives in AI, blockchain, and robotics, alongside the flagship Odisha AI Mission with ₹20 crore to make the State India’s AI leader.
8.3.45 Science and Technology: The Science and Technology Department serves as the nodal agency for promoting scientific research, innovation, and technological development in Odisha. The department functions through the State Council on Science & Technology, Odisha Space Application Centre (ORSAC), Odisha Bigyan Academy, Institute of Mathematics and Applications, Biotechnology Cell, and a network of planetariums and science centres across the state.
8.3.46 Biotechnology is the vital focus with allocations of ₹231.60 crore in 2025-26. The Odisha Biotechnology Policy 2024 guides this effort for progress in Science and Technology. A five-year umbrella scheme in Bio-technology will support research, innovation, entrepreneurship, and investment in the State. Funding is provided for R&D projects, institutional collaborations, Centres of Excellence, Bio-Incubation Centres, and Biotech Finishing Schools. The Odisha Marine Biotechnology Research & Innovation Corridor (OMBRIC) will use the State’s 575 km coastline to explore marine resources. IIM Sambalpur will prepare the first Odisha Bioeconomy Report.
Table 8.4: Key achievements of Science and Technology 2024-25
| The Odisha Biotech Policy, 2024 along with its operational guidelines, was notified, providing a comprehensive framework for developing the biotechnology ecosystem. | Image: Icon representing a network or ecosystem, showing a central node connected to four other nodes. |
| District Science Centres and Planetariums were constructed in four districts- Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar, Koraput, Rayagada | Image: Icon representing a planetarium or science centre, showing a globe and a telescope. |
| District Science Centre-cum-Planetarium is being constructed in three districts, namely Ganjam, Balangir and Rourkela and one District Science Centre is also being constructed in Bhadrak district | Image: Icon representing a person, likely a scientist or researcher. |
| The Pathani Samanta Planetarium building received a structural safety certificate from IIT Bhubaneswar. | Image: Icon representing a certificate or award, showing a scroll and a ribbon. |
8.3.47 The State Council on Science & Technology supports scholarships, fellowships, R&D projects, seminars, and workshops. Major infrastructure projects include Technology Bhawan, District Science Centres, a planetarium at Khandapada in Nayagarh district, and a Science City. ORSAC continues to lead in space technology applications such as satellite imagery, GIS, and geospatial services. The Odisha Bigyan Academy promotes science outreach through exhibitions, publications, and awards. Planetariums are being expanded with mobile units and support for the APJ Abdul Kalam Planetarium at Burla. The State is working to build a strong bioeconomy and expand public engagement with science.
8.4 YOUTH EMPLOYMENT, SKILLING AND WORKFORCE READINESS
A. Youth Employment
8.4.1 Odisha has increased its investment in Skill Development and Technical Education, with budget allocation increasing from ₹1,206 crore in 2023-24 to ₹1,785 crore in 2025-26 (BE), representing a 48 percent rise over two previous years. This reflects the State’s focus on building skilled workforce and strengthening technical education to meet industry demands and employment opportunities.
8.4.2 Sectoral Distribution of Workforce-As per Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2023-24, Odisha has 58.8 lakh youth (15-29) in labour force, which is 25.5 per cent of total labour force in the State. Agriculture accounts per 41.1 per cent of youth workforce in Odisha’s economy versus 37.2 per cent nationally. The industrial sector employs 31.7 per cent youth workforce compared to India’s 29.6 per cent, reflecting Odisha’s mineral resources and manufacturing activities. The services sector employs 27.2 per cent compared to the national average of 33.2per cent, indicating scope for growth in IT, financial services, and other service industries.
Figure 8.19: Youth (15-29) Workforce distribution by sector 2023-24 (in Per cent)
| Sector | Odisha (%) | India (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Agriculture | 41.1 | 37.2 |
| Industry | 31.7 | 29.6 |
| Services | 27.2 | 33.2 |
Source: Periodic Labour Force Survey Report 2023-24, MoSPI
8.4.3 Recent trends indicate a gradual shift in youth employment towards non-agricultural sectors. Employment growth has been strongest in the services sector in 2023-24, registering an increase of about 15 per cent, highlighting the growing importance of services as a key driver of job creation for young workers. This is followed by manufacturing, which recorded employment growth of around 12 per cent, reflecting expanding opportunities in industrial and value-added activities. Agriculture also witnessed positive employment growth of approximately 11 per cent,
although much of this employment continues to be low-productivity and informal in nature. These trends underline the need to accelerate structural transformation while improving the quality of employment across sectors.
Figure 8.20: Sectoral Employment growth among youth workforces from 2022-23 to 2023-24 (in %)
| Sector | Growth (%) |
|---|---|
| Agriculture | 10.5 |
| Industry | 11.3 |
| Services | 15 |
Source- Periodic Labour Force Survey, 2023-24, MoSPI, Government of India
B. Skilling
8.4.4 Skilling Ecosystem: In response to the diverse skill requirements of an ever-changing labour market, Odisha has adopted a multi-tier skilling framework encompassing short-term skilling, long-term vocational training, higher technical education, and world skill centre. This layered approach is designed to cater to the heterogeneity of youth ranging from early school leavers and first-time job seekers to technically trained graduates and working professionals.
| Category | Count | Annual Capacity |
|---|---|---|
| World Skill Center Finishing School | 1 World Skill Center | 4,000 annually |
| Higher Technical Education UG to PG courses | 3 Technical Universities 6 Engineering / Professional Institution | 6,000 annually |
| Long Term Skilling 1 - 3 Year Courses | 35 Polytechnics 72 ITIs | 35,000 annually |
| Short Term Skilling 3-6 Months industry led skilling | 82 Skill Development/ Extension Centres | 1,35,000 annually |
Source: Department of SD&TE, Government of Odisha
8.4.5 Short-term skilling programmes focus on improving employability by imparting job-oriented skills aligned with local, national and international demand. These programmes are particularly relevant for youth Not in employment and training (NEET), informal workers, and those seeking entry into the workforce. Short term skilling programs of 300-600 hours are offered by various Project Implementing Agencies (PIA) through a network of 82 Skill development/extension centres and other training centres benefiting 35,000 youth annually. Long-term vocational training, delivered through formal institutions like Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) and polytechnics, provides structured skill acquisition in industrial and service-sector trades, enabling deeper competencies and improved career progression.
Multi-tier skilling framework includes 72 Government ITIs, 35 Government Polytechnics, and 82 Skill Development Centres.
8.4.6 Higher technical education forms the apex of the skilling pyramid and plays a critical role in building advanced and specialised skills required for manufacturing, infrastructure, healthcare, information technology, and emerging sectors. The State has developed a strong institutional base comprising 72 Government Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs), 35 Government Polytechnics, and 82 Skill Development Centres. In addition, Odisha hosts three technical universities and six engineering and professional institutions, which contribute significantly to the supply of high-skilled human resources and support innovation and technology diffusion.
8.4.7 To strengthen workforce readiness and global employability, the State has established the World Skill Centre (WSC) in partnership with ITE Education Services (ITEES), Singapore, as a finishing school for advanced skill training. The WSC provides high-end, industry-relevant training to students primarily from ITIs and Polytechnics. By aligning curricula and training standards with international benchmarks, the Centre prepares skilled youth for global placements as well as
high-productivity domestic employment, thereby enhancing Odisha’s integration with global skill value chains. The intake capacity has increased to 4000 students annually and placement percentage of students is above 90 per cent since its establishment in 2021 with more than 232 students placed overseas in countries like U.A.E., Singapore etc.
Table 8.5: World skill centre placement, 2021 to 2024
| Batch | Number of Trades | Number of Students certified (in no.) | Placement (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| November 2021 | 3 | 213 | 82 |
| September 2022 | 6 | 347 | 94 |
| March 2023 | 6 | 399 | 90 |
| November 2023 | 7 | 909 | 97 |
| March 2024 | 7 | 233 | 99 |
| September 2024 | 7 | 1220 | 92 |
Source: World Skill Center, SD&TE, Government of Odisha
8.4.8 Digital skilling has emerged as a key pillar of the State’s human capital strategy, reflecting the growing role of technology across economic activities. State is providing access to online courses in partnership with various agencies including Coursera across skilling and educational institutions, enabling students to acquire industry-relevant skills. More than 2.6 lakh candidates from ITIs Polytechnics, Engineering colleges, HEIs enrolled through digital skilling programme in last 3 years.
World Skill Centre achieves 90%+ placement rates with international partnerships and advanced training
Box 8.3: Achievements of World Skill Center
From local Aspirations to International success
Bhagyashree Rout, from a middle-class family, pursued Civil Engineering at Government Polytechnic, Jajpur. During her 6th semester, she discovered World Skill Center and cleared the entrance exam. She enrolled in Mechanical & Electrical Service course despite her Civil background. Through dedication and perseverance, she secured an internship at Sembcorp Pte Ltd, Singapore, earning $800 SGD monthly in Electrical & Instrumentation. Currently working as a Maintenance Engineer at Tata Steel, her journey demonstrates how skill development programs enable successful career transitions across engineering disciplines.
Rajesh Kumar Pradhan from Nayapali, Bhubaneswar, belongs to a humble family with his father Bijaya working as a gardener and mother Namita as a homemaker. A proud graduate of the Air Conditioning and Refrigeration (ACR) branch, 2nd Batch (2022-2023) at
World Skill Centre Bhubaneswar he gained life-changing practical knowledge on chillers, AHUs, FAHUs, and industrial components. Currently working as an HVAC Electrician with Emrill Services LLC in Dubai, he earns ₹52,000-54,000 monthly. His proudest moment comes during emergencies when management says, “ Call the boy from World Skill Center, he will handle it,” showcasing the exceptional trust and respect earned through his training at WSC.
Source: World Skill Center, Government of Odisha
8.4.9 Initiatives: Under the Pradhan Mantri Skilling and Employability Transformation through Upgraded ITIs (PM-SETU), a scheme of Government of India, the State government will be revamping 10 ITIs under the ‘hub and spoke’ model. This network is set to provide high end infrastructure, innovation labs, Training of Trainers, advanced digital learning, and Industry aligned training. Under the scheme, National Skill Training Institute (NSTI), Bhubaneswar is set to be developed as National Centre of Excellence.
8.4.10 Further, under the Utkarsh ITI Yojana of the State Government, 5 existing Government ITIs will be upgraded at a cost of ₹ 500 crores where new courses will be introduced in emerging areas and infrastructure will be upgraded to make them industry ready. CoEs will be established in 25 Government ITIs in the State at a total cost of ₹ 200 crores, funded from the State Budget
8.4.11 To empower youth of Odisha, equipping them with rapidly evolving job market, the State is implementing The Chief Minister’s Augmenting Soft Skill and Promoting Innovation, Research & Excellence (CM-ASPIRE). This is an umbrella scheme aimed at enhancing employability, career counselling, student mobility and fostering research and innovation in the skill development and technical education landscape. This scheme is being implemented across all 30 districts between financial year 2025-26 to 2027-28.
Figure 8.22: CM Aspire components
1. Employability Skills Training for Students of Government ITI and Polytechnic.
Duration: 1-2 years of ITIs
2. Senior Secondary Certificate for students of Government ITI to earn a Senior Secondary qualification alongside the National Trade Certificate (NTC)
3. Research Fellowship for Ph.D. candidates in Government Technical Universities
Monthly fellowships of ₹ 30,000 and upto ₹50,000 as annual contingencies, upto ₹50,000 for International Publications
4. Mukhyamantri Dakshyata Puraskar for outstanding achievements and best practices in skill developments every year
5. Rejuvenating Model Career Centres (MCCs) by conducting four Job Drives per month per MCC, Four talks/webinars, three Institutional visits per month per MCC and Setting up one Library per MCC
Source: Department of Skill Development and Technical Education
C. Education and skill premium in Odisha
8.4.12 The existence of education and skill premiums in labour markets has been extensively documented in economic literature. As per Human Capital Theory, individuals who invest in education and training enhance their productivity, thereby command higher wages in the labour market (Becker, 1964). The Signaling Theory argues that education serves as a credible signal of worker ability and quality to employers (Spence, 1973). The interaction of supply and demand forces further amplifies these premiums, as high-skilled workers remain relatively scarce while demand for specialized expertise continues to grow in knowledge-intensive economies
8.4.13 However, the returns to educational investment or skilling do not materialize immediately, characterized by a significant gestation period. Individuals must first complete their educational programs or training before realizing wage premiums, creating an intertemporal trade-off between current costs and future benefits. This delayed realisation aspect makes education a long-term human capital investment strategy. This also creates a myopic view that education and skilling is not yielding the desired result.
8.4.14 However, Odisha government has demonstrated substantial commitment to education and skilling development with significant budgetary increases in 2024-25 and 2025-26. School and Mass Education witnessed remarkable growth with total allocations rising to over ₹31,000 crores, while Skill Development and Technical Education funding increased steadily. Higher Education Department maintained consistent increase in investments levels, ensuring continued support for universities and advanced learning institutions, reflecting the State’s strategic investment in human capital development to harness educational wage premiums.
8.4.15 Using the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS, 2024) data for regular salaried workers, the data presents, whether those who are educated and skilled are commanding higher wage premium in the labour market vis-à-vis lower education and training. In Figure 8.23, the analysis of educational wage premiums in Odisha reveals a pronounced and systematic relationship between educational attainment and earning potential. This shows the critical importance of human capital development in the State’s economic landscape. As per Periodic Labour Force Survey 2024, Education and training significantly boost monthly earnings of regular salaried employees in Odisha. Using low education without training as the baseline, it is observed that average earnings rise progressively from lower education to higher education levels, and training consistently adds a premium across education levels.
8.4.16 For instance, Individuals with low education see their income rise from a 1x(baseline) to 1.4x when they receive additional training. Those with middle education earn from 1.7x (without training) to 2x (with Training) Individuals with general higher-education graduates experience a modest lift from 3.6x (without training) to 3.7x (with training) from the baseline. The most pronounced effect appears among technical higher-education holders, whose incomes jump from 4.1x (without training) to 5.1x after training. Together, these multipliers demonstrate that combining higher educational attainment with focused skill development delivers the highest economic returns for Odisha’s workforce.
Figure 8.23: Average monthly earnings (in ₹) of regular salaried Workers, 2024
Training and education boosts earnings significantly
| Education Category | Without Training (₹) | With Training (₹) | Wage Premium (Without Training) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Low Education | ~8,000 | ~11,000 | 1.4x |
| Middle Education | ~13,000 | ~15,000 | 1.7x, 2x |
| General Higher Education | ~28,000 | ~28,000 | 3.6x, 3.7x |
| Technical Higher Education | ~32,000 | ~38,000 | 4.1x, 5.1x |
Source: Periodic Labour Force Survey, 2024; Note: Education level; Education Categories: Low education (Not literate, literate formal schooling, below primary education, and primary education); Middle education (Middle, secondary, higher secondary, and diploma/certificate course general education with no technical education); Higher education general (Graduate and above general education with no technical education); Higher education technical (Diploma/certificate course or graduate and above general education with technical education); Training Categories: Have training (Any form of training); No training (Did not receive any training).
Box 8.4: Demographic Dividend and Human Capital Strategy: Odisha Vision 2036 & 2047
Leveraging Demographic Advantage:
Odisha possesses a strategic demographic dividend with 69% of its population in the working-age group and over 200,000 graduates joining the workforce annually. This young, dynamic population serves as the backbone for the State’s economic transformation, with particular emphasis on women’s empowerment and inclusive participation. The Vision targets increasing overall Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) from 63% to 82% by 2047, while women’s LFPR aims to reach 70%. This demographic strength will enable creation of over one crore new jobs, expanding total employment from 2.2 crore to 3.3 crore positions across high-value manufacturing, IT/ITeS, advanced industries, and knowledge-based services.
Skill Hub for the world:
The “Skilled in Odisha, Skilling for the World” strategy establishes a comprehensive skilling ecosystem positioning the State as a global hub. Key infrastructure includes seven World Skill Centre campuses, industry-driven Centres of Excellence across all 314 blocks in ITIs/ITCs and scaling annual government skilling capacity to 250,000 beneficiaries. The framework emphasizes world-class institutions delivering industry-relevant curriculum through strategic partnerships with leading companies for curriculum design, hands-on training, and apprenticeships.
Strategic Implementation and Global Integration
The holistic approach targets facilitating overseas placements for 100,000 youth by 2047 while ensuring domestic employment growth. The strategy promotes inclusive skilling practices, establishes aspirational pathways in educational institutes, and provides lifelong learning opportunities through dedicated Skill Universities and Centres of Excellence. This comprehensive human capital development directly supports Odisha’s economic transformation goal of becoming a USD 1.5 trillion economy by 2047.
Source: Odisha Vision Document 2036 & 2047, Government of Odisha
D. Youth and Sports
8.4.17 Odisha has become a leading State in India’s sports development, earning the title “Sports Capital of India”. The State has focused on building sports infrastructure and supporting athletes at all levels. This approach includes creating facilities, identifying talent from rural areas, hosting major events, and helping athletes achieve success on national and international stages. The State’s vision goes beyond just building sports facilities. It aims to make sports part of daily life for all citizens. Through budget allocation, policy planning, and community programs, Odisha has created opportunities for athletes from all backgrounds to compete and excel.
8.4.18 The government has allocated ₹831.23 crore for Sports and Youth Services for 2025-26. Every block in the State will get sports facilities for Cricket, Volleyball, Football, and Athletics. Each block will also have indoor halls for Badminton, Table Tennis, and other sports. The total amount of ₹4,124 crore will be spent over 5 years to create these facilities. In 2025-26, ₹458 crore has been allocated for building the block-level stadiums.
8.4.19 The Odisha Sports Policy has been formulated in September 2024 with objectives of enhancing sports infrastructure, promoting sporting talent, and fostering a culture of physical fitness and competitive excellence across the State. This policy serves as the foundational
framework for sports development and ensures coordinated efforts across all levels of government and sporting organizations.
8.4.20 The Chief Minister’s Trophy (CM Trophy) 2.0 is a renewed initiative aimed at expanding sports reach and promoting strong community participation. This program has been enhanced with new sports additions, Football, Kho-Kho, Kabaddi, and Volleyball. The program witnesses participation of over one lakh athletes from block to State level, embodying the mission to identify and nurture talent from grassroots to global recognition.
8.4.21 The government supports athletes through a structured financial recognition program. In the year 2025-26, the Biju Patnaik sports Awards recipients received ₹19 lakh in total at National Sports Day 2025 ceremony, while 14 athletes were honored with ₹35.23 lakh for their excellent performances. A sum of ₹44 Lakhs was awarded to 4 players, who were part of the winning Indian Team at the inaugural Blind Women’s T20 World Cup. This structured approach to recognition motivates athletes across different levels and strengthens Odisha’s commitment to sporting excellence.
8.4.22 Infrastructure development: The government has initiated an ambitious block-level infrastructure development program where every block in Odisha will receive State-of-the-art sports facilities. These facilities will include Cricket grounds, Volleyball courts, Football fields, Athletics tracks, and indoor halls equipped for Badminton, Table Tennis, and other sporting activities. Currently, administrative approval amounting to ₹795.56 crore has been accorded for 47 block level stadiums up to January 2026.
8.4.23 The department has proposed for establishment of Regional Sports Hubs, to provide world class facilities across different regions, ensuring equitable access to quality sports infrastructure throughout the State. Recognizing swimming as both a life skill and competitive sport, it has been planned to construct 13 Nos of Olympic size 50m swimming pool in 13 District Headquarters aimed at strengthening grassroots swimming infrastructure across the State to ensure every district has adequate swimming facilities, providing swimmers with competitive advantages in aquatic events. Administrative approval amounting to ₹160.85 crore has been accorded for construction of 7 swimming pools up to January 2026.
8.4.24 Construction of Sports complex: The State is constructing sports complex at Vyasnagar stadium, Jajpur, and at Tora, Bargarh. The State is also constructing three archery academies at Rairangpur (Mayurbhanj), Naranpur (Keonjhar), and Bonai (Sundargarh). Major events and Tournaments: Odisha has established itself as a preferred destination for prestigious international sporting events. The State hosted India’s maiden World Athletics Continental Tour on August 10, 2025, in Bhubaneswar. The 28th edition of ITTF-ATTU Asian Championships was successfully conducted from October 11-15, 2025, at Kalinga’s Indoor Athletics Stadium, showcasing the State’s world-class infrastructure capabilities. Further, Odisha hosted the BWF Super 100 Odisha Masters, and 30th National Road Cycling Championship at Sambalpur.
8.4.25 The State has successfully organized multiple high-profile national championships. The Sports and Youth Services Department, in collaboration with Odisha Police, hosted the 73rd All India Police Hockey Championship 2025 from April 7-15. Other significant events included the
Kalinga Super Cup, 78th National Senior Aquatic Championship, 57th Senior National Kho Kho Championship for Men and Women 2025, the 18th AICFB National Chess Championship 2025, 40th National Junior Athletics Championships and International Yoga Day -2025. Aitihya Ganadouda was organized on April 5, 2025, to create awareness of Odisha’s rich cultural heritage, demonstrating the integration of sports with cultural identity. State Youth Festival 2025 was organised where around 900 participants competed in 7 categories from December 24 -26, 2025.
8.4.26 Athletic excellence and achievements: In 2024-25, Odisha’s athletes have achieved success across multiple disciplines. Animesh Kujur became the first Indian male sprinter to compete at World Athletics Championships, setting national records in 100m (10.18s) and 200m (20.32s). Srabani Nanda and Animesh Kujur each bagged a silver and a bronze at the Asian Athletics Championships, in Women’s 4x100m relay and 200m event respectively. Preetismita Bhoi won Gold at Asian Weightlifting Championships 2025 and created new World record at 3rd Asian Youth Games, Bahrain. Further, Odisha’s Junior Men’s Hockey Team won their first-ever silver medal at the 15th Hockey India Junior Men’s National Championship 2025, held in Jalandhar, Punjab. At the 38th National Games, Odisha achieved its best performance with 46 medals including 14 gold, and ranked 12th. Athletes excelled in weightlifting, gymnastics, chess, and para-badminton at international levels.
8.4.27 Pranati Nayak clinched the bronze medal in the women’s vault event at the Asian Artistic Gymnastics Championships 2025. Odisha’s Rosan Kujur, Adrohit Ekka, Anmol Ekka and Rohit Kullu were a part of the bronze-winning Indian squad at the FIH Hockey Men’s Junior World Cup Tamil Nadu 2025. Also, 16-yr-old Weightlifting Champion Jyotsna Sabar been conferred with the prestigious Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar by the Hon’ble President of India Smt. Droupadi Murmu, for setting a new Asian Youth Record at 2024 Asian Youth Weightlifting Championships, along with numerous other laurels that she has won for India.
8.4.28 The integration of sports initiatives with cultural preservation, community engagement, and educational programs demonstrates a comprehensive development model that facilitates athlete production while contributing to broader socio-economic outcomes. Through sustained governmental investment, strategic implementation, and community involvement, Odisha maintains its significant position in India’s sporting landscape while developing athletes capable of national and international representation.
8.5 CONCLUSION
8.5.1 Odisha’s demographic landscape is undergoing a significant and promising transformation. The state’s population growth rate is steadily decelerating, with projections indicating a population of 4.90 crore by 2036, while the male-female population gap is narrowing toward convergence. Key demographic indicators including a declining birth rate, death rate and a total fertility rate below the national average reconfirms that Odisha is well into an advanced stage of demographic transition. The improving sex ratio at birth, declining dependency ratios, and a gradual shift from rural to urban settlement patterns further underscore the state’s evolving population dynamics. This demographic dividend phase presents a unique window of opportunity for accelerating economic growth and development.
8.5.2 The state has made strides in leveraging this demographic advantage through substantial investments in education, skill development, and youth empowerment. Early childhood development initiatives like the Nua Arunima curriculum and ‘Aama Kuni Pilaa’ program combined with significant upgrades in school infrastructure and higher education are among major initiatives undertaken by the State government. This reflects that the state is building a strong human capital foundation. Simultaneously, the multi-tier skilling ecosystem and the gradual shift of youth employment towards non-agricultural sectors indicate a positive shift in skilling and employment. Odisha’s emergence as a leading hub for sports development and international sporting events further amplifies the state’s commitment to holistic youth development. Taken together, these demographic trends, educational reforms, skilling initiatives, and sports investments position Odisha to harness its demographic dividend effectively.
A black and white line art illustration depicting a person with a backpack walking towards the right. The person is surrounded by various icons and scenes representing different aspects of learning and professional development. To the left, there’s a classroom scene with a teacher pointing to a whiteboard and two students sitting at a desk. Above them are a graduation cap and a lightbulb. In the center, there’s an open book, a bar chart with an upward arrow, and a target with an arrow in the bullseye. To the right, there’s a computer screen showing a person pointing at a code snippet (</>), a clock, a speech bubble, a brain, a magnifying glass with a checkmark, and a certificate with a ribbon. Dashed lines and arrows connect these elements, suggesting a continuous cycle of learning and growth.